Libmonster ID: KG-1291
Author(s) of the publication: L. I. ARAPOVA, K. I. RUDELSON

Documentary publications play a prominent role in creating a documentary base for historical research, in ideological and educational work, and in exposing the falsification of bourgeois ideologists. Therefore, the problems of archeography development concern a wide range of Soviet historians and representatives of other social sciences .1 In this regard, it seems necessary to try to make some generalizations about the state of publishing in the country and consider new aspects of Soviet archeography against the background of modern experience in publishing sources, the development of the theory and methodology of publishing documents summarized in the new rules for their publication.2
Significant changes in the publication of documentary materials in the USSR have been outlined since the mid-50s. From 1956 to 1970, more than 1,200 collections of documents were published, including about 900 on the history of Soviet society. Among these publications, a prominent place is occupied by publications of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. The second edition of the Works of Karl Marx and Philipp Freud is of fundamental methodological, ideological and theoretical importance in building communism in our country, and of great international importance in the struggle of the communist and workers ' parties for the triumph of Marxist - Leninist ideology. Engels 3 . In 1965, the publication of the Complete Works of V. I. Lenin in 55 volumes was completed. 4 In the jubilee 1970, the XXXVII Lenin Collection was published. These publications fully reveal the richness of Lenin's theoretical heritage. Several collections of correspondence between V. I. Lenin 5 and the Ulyanov family 6 were published , and Memoirs of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in 5 vols 7 were published.

1 See N. A. Ivnitsky and D. A. Chugaev. To the results of the development of Soviet archeography from the XX to the XXII Congress of the CPSU. "Historical archive", 1961, N 5; A. I. Gukovsky. Controversial issues of Soviet archeography. Voprosy istorii, 1966, No. 5; Istoriya sovetskoi arkheografii [History of Soviet Archeography]. Issue No. I-VI. Moscow, 1966-1967; T. V. Bataeva, I. I. Korneva, M. S. Seleznev, E. M. Talman, D. M. Epstein. To the 50th anniversary of Soviet archeography. "Soviet Archives", 1967, N 5, etc.

2 "Rules for publishing historical documents in the USSR", Moscow, 1969. Prepared under the editorship of D. A. Chugaev. Compiled by: I. F. Astrakhantseva, T. V. Bataeva, A. B. Kaplan, V. A. Kondratyev, I. I. Korneva, E. M. Talman, V. M. Khevrolina, D. M. Epstein, N. I. Rodionov, L. S. Belyaeva, S. V. Nefedova.

3 " The Great Heritage. On the second edition of the Works of Karl Marx and Fr. Engels", Moscow, 1968; " The Literary Legacy of Karl Marx and Fr. Engels. History of publication and study in the USSR", Moscow, 1969.

4 " Treasury of the great ideas of Leninism. On the Complete Works of V. I. Lenin", Moscow, 1968; G. Obichkin. A great ideological legacy. "Kommunist", 1970, N 6.

5 "V. I. Lenin and A.M. Gorky". Letters, memoirs, documents. Ed. 3rd, add. M. 1969.

6 "Correspondence of the Ulyanov family, 1883-1917", Moscow, 1969.

7 V. Litvinov. Five-volume memoirs of V. I. Lenin. "Kommunist", 1970, N 5.

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A significant addition to the sources for studying the biography and works of V. I. Lenin, the history of the proletarian revolution and socialist construction in the USSR was the publication, which expanded the traditional framework within which documentary publications had hitherto fit. This is a "Sound Book about V. I. Lenin" prepared by employees of the IML under the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Museum of V. I. Lenin, the Central State Archive of Sound Recordings and is a collection of recordings of V. I. Lenin's speeches, speeches and statements about him by party and state figures, workers and peasants, scientists and writers .8 Selected works of Lenin's associates, prominent figures of the Communist Party and the Soviet State have been published .9
Significant publications of sources on the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This is a series of minutes, transcripts and materials of congresses, conferences of the CPSU, meetings of the Central Committee of the Party, collections " The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee "(ed. 7 and 8), "Correspondence of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) with local party organizations" in 5 volumes; collections on the history of the CPSU during the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution, a large number of publications of documents on the history of the Communist parties of the Union republics, territories, and regions. The publication "Decrees of Soviet Power"is of great scientific and political significance.10 It provides an opportunity to study the leading role and personal participation of V. I. Lenin in the development and adoption of legislative acts of the Soviet government. Much has been done to create a base for studying the history of the Great October Socialist Revolution. The publication of a 10-volume series of collections on the history of the Great October Revolution, combined with local publications published to mark the 50th anniversary of Soviet power (203 in total), provides an opportunity to deepen the study of the history of the revolutionary creativity of the masses led by the Communist Party headed by V. I. Lenin, in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution Soviet power throughout Russia. We should also mention the publication " The Economic Situation of Russia on the Eve of the Great October Socialist Revolution "(part 1-3, Moscow, 1957-1964). In 1966-1967, a new type of publication appeared - the fund-based publication of documents "Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee", which marked a fundamentally new phenomenon in Soviet archeography. Its publication "resolved the dispute" about the possibility of a fund-based publication of an academic type, and researchers received a complete collection of documents from the headquarters of the armed uprising and the first government body of the victorious narod11 .

Soviet historians, archivists and archaeographers have made significant progress in implementing the decisions of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government to publish sources on the history of the Soviet period. Documentary publications were prepared on the fundamental problems of building a socialist society, revealing the main problems of the development of a socialist society.

8 V. Kuzmenko. Like living with the living. Kommunist Publ., 1970, No. 9.

9 Ya. M. Sverdlov. Selected works. In 3 volumes, Moscow, 1957-1960; M. I. Kalinin. Selected works. In 4 volumes, Moscow, 1960-1962; F. E. Dzerzhinskiy. Selected works. In 2 volumes, Moscow, 1957; S. Ordzhonikidze. Articles and speeches. In 2 volumes, Moscow, 1956; M. V. Frunze. Selected works. Tt. 1-2. Moscow, 1957; S. M. Kirov. Selected articles and speeches. 1912-1934. Moscow, 1957; G. M. Krzhizhanovsky. Izbrannoe [Selected works], Moscow, 1957; V. V. Kuibyshev. Selected Works, Moscow, 1958; V. V. Vorovsky. Articles and materials on foreign policy issues, Moscow, 1959; S. S. Spandaryan. Articles, Letters and documents, Moscow, 1958.

10 "Decrees of the Soviet government". Tt. 1-4. Moscow, 1957-1968.

11 D. A. Chugaev. Experience in publishing archival materials. "Soviet archives", 1967, N 1. G. E. Yevgenyev, A. B. Melnikov. Documents of Great October. "History of the USSR", 1967, N 5; D. M. Epshtein. Types of publication of historical sources. "Soviet archives", 1970, N 3.

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aspects of domestic and foreign policy of the USSR. Among them are two major series of collections of documents: "History of Industrialization of the USSR" and "History of collectivization of agriculture in the USSR". Their characteristic feature is a wide coverage of documentary sources on the topics raised and, as a rule, a high scientific level. This is explained by the fact that the largest publications, especially the series on the history of industrialization and the history of collectivization of agriculture, are prepared on the basis of coordination of the work of research teams of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU, institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Main Archive Department (GAU), party and state archives of the country. Scientific management of the work is carried out centrally, and to ensure unity in the methods of preparing series, a special instruction on the archeographic processing of documents was developed. In the late 1950s, local party and state archives began publishing documents and materials on the history of the Great Patriotic War12 . Of particular note is the collection of documents and materials published in 1970 that reveal the role of the Communist Party in the struggle of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders .13
The history of the foreign policy activities of the Soviet State is covered in the multi-volume publication "Documents of the Foreign Policy of the USSR" 14 . It forms a rich documentary base for researchers, as well as for refuting many publications about the foreign policy of the USSR that appeared abroad in the post-war years, in which history is falsified by biased selection of documents .15 Other publications of documents on international relations prepared in recent years also contribute to restoring the truth and refuting the perversions of the USSR's foreign policy, particularly on the eve and during World War II .16 Revealing the struggle of the Soviet state for peaceful coexistence, for peace between peoples, showing the leading role of the USSR in the struggle against fascism, Soviet archaeographers prepared publications of documents highlighting the international proletarian solidarity of workers, their joint efforts in the struggle for peace, against fascism. The series "From the History of International Proletarian Solidarity"was devoted to this goal. The collaboration of researchers from the scientific institutions of the socialist countries - Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, whose papers were also included in the collections, developed during the preparation of this publication, was continued even further. In the late 1950s, agreements were drawn up between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the State Agrarian University and scientific institutions of a number of socialist countries on the preparation of joint scientific publications on topical issues of the history of these countries and the history of their relations with the USSR. Multi-volume publications created by historians, archeographers, and archivists of the USSR, Bulgaria, Poland, and Hungary 17 ,

12 L. I. Arapova. Publications of documents on the history of the Great Patriotic War. "History of the USSR", 1965, N 3; G. D. Larin, L. I. Shekhanova. Publications on the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 "Voprosy archivovedeniya", 1965, N 2.

13 " The Communist Party in the Great Patriotic War (June 1941-1945)", Moscow, 1970.

14 "Documents of foreign policy of the USSR". Tt. 1-16. Moscow, 1957-1970.

15 For more information, see: A. E. Ioffe. Study of foreign policy of the USSR for 50 years. "New and Recent History", 1967, N 6.

16 " Top secret! Only for command purposes. The strategy of fascist Germany in the war against the USSR. " M. 1967 and others. For more information, see: G. N. Reutov. Pravda i vygizmy o vtoroi mirovoi voyny [Truth and Fiction about the Second World War]. Ed. 2-e, ispr. i dop. M. 1970.

17 "Liberation of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke". Vol. 1-3. Moscow, 1961-1967; "The Uprising of 1863", Vol. 1-7. Moscow, 1961-1965; "Documents and materials on the history of Soviet-Polish Relations". Vol. 1-6. Moscow, 1963-1969; "Hungarian Internationalists in the October Revolution and Civil War in the USSR". Tt. 1-2. Moscow, 1968.

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They were the result of fruitful scientific cooperation of scientists from fraternal countries in the development of the most important events of the historical past.

In recent years, a number of publications on the history of the USSR during feudalism and capitalism have also been prepared. Among the most significant of these are the multi-volume publications on the history of the 18th-century workers 'and 19th-century peasants' movements in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the continuation of the series of collections of documents on the history of the 1905 - 1907 revolution and the foreign policy of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries .

These are the main results of publicizing activities that archaeographers and archivists of the country met the XXIV Congress of the CPSU. Soviet archaeographers and archivists have enriched the practice of archaeography with publications that are new both in appearance (the first Soviet fund-based edition) and in the technique of execution. Following the Archive of the Ministry of Defense, which published a series of microphotographs, this form of publication was adopted by the Central State Aviation Administration of the USSR 21 . The first experience of preparing a microphotograph collection of documents accessible to a wide range of readers should be further developed in Soviet archeography.

Extensive practical experience in the preparation of documentary publications allowed archival and other scientific institutions involved in the development of historical sources to generalize the theory and practice of archeographic activities. The most concentrated expression of these generalizations is found in the Rules for Publishing Historical Documents in the USSR.

In Soviet times, the rules for publishing sources were published several times. Each publication, whether it dealt with the publication of historical sources in general, a single period, or a single issue, to some extent reflected the level of development of archeography and source studies of the corresponding period22 . But it should be noted that the "Rules for the publication of Documents" prepared by V. G. Druzhinin, S. F. Platonov, and A. A. Shakhmatov (1919,23), as well as the "Rules for the publication of the" Collection of Letters of the College of Economics " compiled by A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1922,24), although they made a certain step However, they did not contain provisions on the need to analyze the class essence of published documents, assess their political and scientific significance in the selection and commentary process, which revealed the bourgeois-objectivist views of the authors of these rules.

In the draft "Rules for publishing documents of the CAU of the USSR", it is proposed-

18 "The Working-class Movement in Russia in the XIX century", Vol. IV, part 1. 1895-1897; part 2. 1898-1900. Moscow, 1961-1963.

19 "The peasant movement in Russia in the XIX-early XX century". Tt. 1-10. Moscow, 1959-1968.

20 "Foreign policy of Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries". Documents of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1801-1815, Vol. 1-7, Moscow, 1960-1970.

21 " 25th Chapaev Rifle Division (1918 - 1923)", Moscow, 1965. For the publication of this form, see: T. V. Bataeva, S. V. Fedotov, I. D. Fost. About the experience of preparing microphotographs of documents. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference on Archival Affairs in the USSR, vol. II, Moscow, 1965.

22 For the publication of the rules for publishing historical documents in the USSR, see S. N. Valk, Soviet Archeography, Moscow, 1948; Yu. O. Bem. Discussion of issues of archeography of the Soviet period in the Archeographic Commission. "History of the USSR", 1959, N 3; D. A. Chugaev. On the methodology of Soviet-era archeography. "Archeographic yearbook for 1962", Moscow, 1963; "History of Soviet Archeography". Issue No. I-VI; L. V. Cherepnin. Rules for publishing historical documents in the USSR. "Soviet archives", 1971, N 1.

23 See "Collection of decrees, circulars, instructions and orders on archival affairs during 15. VI. 1918-15. VI. 1920", Moscow, 1921.

24 Rules for publishing the "Collection of Letters of the College of Economics". Ptgr. 1922.

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founded in 1935 by a prominent Soviet historian and archivist, A. A. Sergeev, 25 for the first time, the question was clearly raised about the tasks of scientific and critical publication of documents that meet the requirements of Marxist-Leninist methodology, about the need to create publications on historical and revolutionary topics, about the importance of political assessment of events reflected in documents, in comments to them, on the obligation to compile a historical preface, indexes to publications. It was the only manual in the pre-war period that more than any other corresponded to the tasks of Soviet historical science and played a significant role in the development of the theory and practice of Soviet archeography. But although, in general, before the Great Patriotic War , some success was achieved in developing methods for publishing documents and fixing them in the rules, 26 it was not possible to develop general publication rules.

The post-war editions of Pravila 27 are characterized by the desire to define, from the standpoint of Marxist-Leninist methodology, general scientific principles and methodological techniques for publishing documents of various eras. The task is to conduct a rigorous scientific and critical study of the published documents, analyze their origin and content, taking into account the historical approach, the comprehensiveness and complexity of the coverage of events. These requirements were most fully expressed in the "Rules for Publishing Historical Documents" of 195528. Their role in Soviet archaeography is quite significant. According to these "Rules", supplemented by the" Rules " of 1960,29 devoted exclusively to the publication of sources from the Soviet period, all documentary publications from 1956 to 1970 were published. The experience gained during this period in preparing publications and the unresolved issues identified in the course of the work in the field of archaeographic theory and practice, such as a differentiated approach to publishing documents depending on their types, types and forms, in-depth development of methods for all publication preparation processes, shortened transmission of source texts, and others, put forward the task of developing new "Rules".

The "Rules" of 1969 are a consolidated document. They deepen and develop methods and techniques for publishing the main types of historical sources that differ in their time of origin. The processes of preparing documents for publication are described in a strict sequence. Sections of the" Rules " are developed in detail, taking into account the requirements expressed in the press, and experience in creating the best Soviet publications. The "Rules" were developed by a large team of historians and archaeographers representing the leading institutions of the country in the field of archaeographic activities: the State Academy of Sciences of the USSR under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Union Research Institute of Documentation and Archival Affairs (VNIIDAD), the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Moscow State Historical and Archival Institute (MGIAI) (first of all, almost the entire staff of the Department of Archeography of this Institute). PRA Project-

25 See Archivnoe delo, 1935, issue I (34).

26 See also "Rules for publishing documents of the XVI-XVII centuries". Compiled by B. D. Grekov, V. G. Neiman, R. B. Muller, K. N. Serbina, and N. S. Chaev. "Problemy istochnikovedeniya" [Problems of Source Studies], Vol. XVII, collection 2. Moscow, 1936.

27 The first of them was prepared during the Great Patriotic War: "Basic rules for publishing documents of the State Archive Fund of the USSR". Comp.: P. G. Sofinov, A. I. Andreev, S. N. Valk, V. V. Maksakov, I. M. Razgon. Moscow, 1945.

28 "Rules for publishing historical documents". Comp.: S. N. Valk, A. A. Novoselsky, L. N. Pushkarev, I. N. Varzho, A. I. Loginova, T. V. Ivnitskaya, D. M. Epshtein. Moscow, 1955 (reprint-1956).

29 "Rules for publishing documents of the Soviet period", Moscow, 1960. Comp.: A. I. Loginova, N. V. Mikhailova. Edited by S. N. Valka.

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The vil was discussed in detail by the scientific community in 30 countries . Similar experience of collective work, however, on a much smaller scale, was applied only in the preparation of the "Rules" of 1955.

Let us focus on the main problems that are reflected in the "Rules for publishing historical documents in the USSR". The first of them is the classification of documentary publications. The solution of this problem makes it possible to justify the scientific requirements for various types of publications and determine the methodology for working with the texts of documents when publishing them. Depending on the intended purpose of publications, the Rules define three types of publications: scientific, popular science, and educational. Attention is focused on the requirement of a scientific approach to the publication of documents, regardless of their type, type and form. By type, documentary publications are divided into fund-based, thematic, and publications of materials of the same type or person. The "rules" fix already established types of publications (as well as the classification concept itself - "type" of publications), which were reflected before their publication in the dictionary of archival terms 31 . The first type of publications - fund-based-is typical for the scientific type, while the others are applicable for all types of publications.

Various types and types of publications can be implemented in the form of series, individual collections, collections in periodicals, in albums, posters, appendices to printed works and as part of their text. The rules provide for new forms of publishing documents: microphotographs, photo albums, documentaries (silent or voiced), records and ferromagnetic tapes. Unfortunately, the methods for publishing these forms of documents have not yet been developed.

The question of types, types, and forms of publications is not new to Soviet archaeography. Already in the 1930s, there was a discussion on this issue on the pages of archival publications. Among the first authors to raise this issue were A. A. Sergeev and A. A. Popov. A. A. Sergeev, in his article"Methodology and technique of document publishing" 32 - the first significant work in the field of archeography, which has theoretical significance, emphasized that the future belongs to thematic publications. This provision is confirmed by modern practice and the recommendations of the "Rules" of 1969. Thematic publications are also promising in the future. The faster the number of sources increases, the more important the role of thematic publications becomes. They become important as a way to present information compactly. It is very likely that in the future we will encounter a situation in which fund-based publications of sources and other types of complete publications will become possible mainly only in the form of microfilms.

The issue of types, types and forms of publications was addressed in methodological documents of the post-war period, but only in some aspects. Thus, the "Rules for the Publication of Historical Documents" of 1955, while giving recommendations on the preparation of publications of documents for scientific research purposes, do not consider methods of publishing other types, since this issue has not yet been sufficiently resolved in the theory of archeography. Having developed the question of the types and forms of publication of documents, in particular about serial publications, the" Rules for publishing documents of the Soviet period " of 1960 did not give a complete scientific typification of document editions, which was reflected in the unfolding in 1960 - 1961.

30 L. S. Belyaeva, K. V. Krestovskaya. Discussion of the draft "Rules for publishing documents in the USSR". "Soviet Archives", 1968, N 2; D. A. Chugaev. On the new "Rules for publishing historical documents in the USSR". Report and closing remarks at the discussion of the draft "Rules". "Archeography and Source studies". Collection of articles and reports (1957-1967), Moscow, 1969.

31 "Short dictionary of archival terminology", Moscow-L. 1968, p. 14.

32 A. L. Sergeev. Methodology and technique of publishing documents. "Archivnoe delo", 1932, N I-II (30-31).

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discussions on this issue 33 . Having proposed scientific, popular science, and mass agitation types of document publications, the" Rules " of 1960 did not reveal their features and methods of preparing the publication. The materials of the discussion, during which the majority of participants expressed their support for the recognition of three types of documentary publications: academic, popular science, and educational, as well as a number of subsequent speeches by Soviet historians and archeographers, 34 made it possible to clarify and develop the issue of typification of document publications in the Rules of 1969.

The introduction of scientific classification of publications by types, types and forms, according to which all publishing activities should now be carried out, is the main advantage of the" Rules " of 1969 in comparison with previous editions. However, this problem of publications in Soviet archeography has not yet been fully solved. It would be advisable to divide popular scientific publications into groups: for the scientific community and for the general reader (propaganda and propaganda). The development of information activities, including those related to retrospective documentation, puts forward new types, types and forms of publications. Obviously, we should support the VNIIDAD proposal to introduce another type of publication - information and reference, covering a wide range of policy materials, departmental publications, reference books on administrative divisions, etc. Of course, the introduction of this type of publication would significantly expand the scope of archeography.

Another important problem of archeography addressed in the 1969 "Rules" is the identification and selection of documents for printing - a process that determines the composition and content of a publication, and therefore its scientific, political and practical value. The main issues of identification and selection of documents in the preparation of scientific publications are set out in the" Rules " of 1955. The articles that followed discussed some new aspects of this problem, clarified certain provisions of the "Rules" regarding the identification and selection of documents for serial and thematic publications , 35 considered the problems of identifying and selecting documents for publications on the history of the working class in the USSR, 36 and the specifics of identifying and selecting periodical materials.

Particularly serious attention in recent years has been paid to the study of the use of various forms of abbreviated reproduction of the content of documents, the inclusion of information about documents that are not included in the publication, and other publication techniques that, together, could provide maximum completeness of the publication.-

33 See B. G. Litvak. Urgent issues of archeography of documents of the Soviet era. "Historical Archive", 1960, N 2. I. A. Bulygin, G. E. Reichberg. About types, types, and forms of publishing documents. "Historical archive", 1960, N 5; N. A. Ivnitsky. On some issues of publishing documents on the history of Soviet society. "Historical archive", 1961, N 1, etc.

34 See N. N. Pavlovich and A. A. Khodak. Theoretical conference on Archeography at the State Agrarian University. "Historical Archive", 1960, N 2; D. A. Chugaev. On the methodology of archeography of the Soviet era; A. I. Gukovsky. Edict. op.; "History of Soviet archeography". Issue VI. Moscow, 1967; I. F. Astrakhantseva, V. M. Khevrolina. Some questions of Soviet archeography. "Soviet archives", 1968, N 1.

35 G. E. Reichberg, V. E. Poletaev. On serial editions of documents on the history of Soviet society. Voprosy archivovedeniya, 1960, No. 6 (16); D. A. Chugaev. On the methodology of Soviet-era archeography.

36 T. V. Ivnitskaya. On the method of identifying and selecting documents in publications on the history of the working class of the USSR in 1918-1920. "Trudy" MGIAI. Vol. XI. 1958; ee. Publication of documents on the history of the working class of the USSR, 1918-1920, Moscow, 1960. On the use of materials from the Soviet press in documentary publications. "Historical Archive", 1960, N 3.

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research institute 37 . The "Rules" of 1969 take into account and develop many of the issues raised. First of all, they formulate the principles of document identification that are common to all types of publications. The greatest place is given to the method of identifying archival materials, letters and documents from printed publications. Further, the basic principles of selecting documents for printing are defined and the selection methodology is revealed, the tasks and content of scientific and critical analysis to be subjected to each published document are described, and the principle of determining the authorship of official documents is clarified, which was absent in the" Rules " of 1960. The specifics of the selection of documents for various types and types of publications are determined, and the requirements for the selection of certain types of sources are established: statistical, periodicals, as well as previously published documents. This differentiation of requirements for the selection of documents for various publications was first introduced in the "Rules" of 1969 and is one of their main advantages.

It is also of great importance to clearly state that the selection of documents should be carried out in the preparation of all types of publications, including scientific ones, both fund-based and thematic. This opinion has long been held by the majority of Soviet archaeographers38, who rightly consider erroneous statements that scientific and academic publications can only be those that include all documents covering a given topic or issue. "Meanwhile, it is quite obvious," N. A. Ivnitsky and D. A. Chugaev wrote, for example, "that it is impossible and impractical to publish all documents related to this topic." 39 While preparing the publication of the Petrogradsky VRK Foundation, D. A. Chugaev proved the need for selection in a fund-based publication. By making it mandatory to select documents in a scientific publication and at the same time demanding that it provide the most complete set of documents of the fund, one variety or thematic complex, the authors of the" Rules " of 1969 implement another provision of the modern theory and practice of archeography: in a scientific publication, the composition of documents selected for printing should be supplemented with "information about unpublished documents using lists, chronicles of events, regests, tables, appendices, comments, etc." (p. 15).

What is new in the Rules is the development of a methodology for selecting statistical sources for both scientific and popular science publications. This issue has been waiting for a long time to be resolved. The "Rules" of 1969 (Section 28) provide a classification of statistical sources and set out the requirements for selecting them for publication. The inclusion of these provisions in the" Rules " was preceded by a thorough study of V. I. Lenin's research methods of statistical sources and his rich experience in working with them.

Despite the fact that the issues of identifying and selecting documents for printing were considered in all post-war editions of the rules, the corresponding chapter in the "Rules" of 1969 is the first in the Soviet practice of publishing such a detailed development of this most complex issue. With the suggested selection recommendations, it is quite possible

37 See T. V. Bataeva, I. I. Korneva, M. S. Seleznev, E. M. Talman, and D. M. Epstein. To the 50th anniversary of Soviet archeography; I. F. Astrakhantsev, V. M. Khevrolina. Edict op.

38 D. A. Chugaev. On the issue of publications of documents on the history of the October Revolution. "History of the USSR", 1959, n. 3; his. Report at the scientific conference on archival affairs in 1963 "Archeography and source studies", pp. 87-94; I. F. Astrakhantseva, V. M. Khevrolina. Op. ed., pp. 43-48.

39 N. A. Ivnitsky, D. A. Chugaev. To the results of the development of Soviet archeography from the XX to the XXII Congress of the CPSU, pp. 190-191.

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we can agree, since they correspond to the existing theoretical concepts and practical achievements.

The solution in the "Rules" of such an important problem of archeography as the choice of text for publication as a whole differs in detail and harmony of presentation. Attention is drawn to the instructions on establishing the main text of various types of documents (official, diplomatic, unofficial, letters, transcripts, telegrams, leaflets, translations), and for the first time recommendations on the publication of photo documents are given. As for the issues of text revisions, the compilers could not avoid the lack of the "Rules" of 1955, in which the definition of the concept of revisions was unsuccessful and, moreover, the criteria for choosing the main text of ancient documents were not developed. The "Rules" of 1969, in addition, do not contain any indication of the criteria for establishing the main edition in general. On the issue of choosing the main text of unofficial documents (scientific, artistic, journalistic, etc.), the provision of the "Rules" on the need to choose for publication a text that reflects the author's last work on the document or is the last white manuscript is hardly indisputable. An exception to this general rule is made only when publishing published author's texts (it may not be the last one) and for those texts that have an editorial, censor or other (?) edit it. But practice gives many examples when the main text is taken not at all the one that reflects the latest work of the author, since it is this text that reflects the author's ideological idea with the greatest completeness and accuracy. In some contradiction with the following statement is section 43, which states that it is mandatory to publish telegrams in the outgoing text. In this case, it would be better to limit ourselves to a recommendation about the desirability of publishing the outgoing text (if it has been preserved) in scientific publications. Moreover, in the" Rules " of 1969 (Section 77) there is also a reference to the reproduction of the texts of incoming telegrams. So you don't have to choose the outgoing text for your publications?

One of the most pressing problems of archeography continues to be the problem of transmitting the text of documents. This is also explained by the complexity of solving numerous issues of transmitting the text of documents of various times and types, and by the fact that these issues were sometimes solved regardless of the publication's tasks, and the basic principle - the accuracy of reproducing the source text-was violated. Although the "Rules" of 1955 and 1960 covered these issues quite fully, the problem continued to remain acute, mainly due to some inaccurate provisions of the "Rules", which opened the way for changing the text and correcting its meaning, which was rightly pointed out by a number of authors .40 In 1956, the MGIAI held a discussion on the transfer of the text 41 . The issues of transmitting the text of documents of various historical eras and types were analyzed in detail. In a number of works and articles, the main requirements for transmitting the text of early period sources , including folklore texts42, docu texts, etc., were considered.-

40 T. V. Bataeva, I. I. Korneva, M. S. Seleznev, E. M. Talman, and D. M. Epstein. To the 50th anniversary of Soviet archeography; M. S. Seleznev. Questions of the methodology of publishing sources on the history of Great October. Voprosy Istorii, 1967, No. 8, etc.

41 The main provisions of E. M. Talman's report on this discussion are set out in her article "On the transmission of the text of historical Sources" (Historical Archive, 1955, No. 5); see also D. M. Mikhailova. Discussion of the issue of transmitting the text of historical sources. "Historical Archive", 1956, N 5.

42 A. A. Zimin. Metodika publicheniya drevnerusskikh aktov [Methods of publishing Old Russian Acts], Moscow, 1959; I. I. Korneva. Basic principles of transmitting the text of documents during publication and some issues of reproducing sources of early periods (XIV-XVIII centuries). "Trudy" MGIAI, vol. 8, 1957; L. N. Pushkarev. On the principles of publishing folklore texts. "Historical Archive", 1957, N 2.

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cops in foreign languages 43 . Various methods of text transmission were considered in the work of Academician D. S. Likhachev "Textology" 44 .

Due to a sharp increase in the number of publications of documents on the history of the Soviet society, the archeographic practice has made it a priority to develop a number of new issues of text transmission: reproduction of abbreviations in documents 45, publication of documents in extracts 46, partial publication of documents 47, etc. The appearance in recent years of a large number of publications of documents in foreign languages has also raised the question of the method of transmitting foreign texts and their translations for Soviet archaeographers .48
The 1969 Regulations give due consideration to all these issues. They cover both general provisions and features of transmitting the text of documents of different times, the specifics of transmitting text and translating documents in foreign languages, transmitting text in extracts and troubleshooting it. The advantage of this part of the "Rules" is that it asserts the principle of accurate text transmission while preserving stylistic and linguistic features in different types of publications. This is a very important provision, rejecting the misconception about the possibility of using some "simplified" methods of text transmission in popular science publications, which partly followed from the recommendation of the "Rules" of 1960 to provide text in propaganda publications in a "correct, accessible form for the reader". In practice, this led to violations of the basic principle of Soviet archeography-the accuracy of reproducing the source text.

The "Rules" of 1969 clearly define the essence and purpose of each method of text transmission used depending on the specific tasks of the publication (facsimile, diplomatic, scientific-critical). Attention is paid to the characteristics of scientific and critical methods of text transmission when presenting general provisions. After that, the compilers decide on specific issues of text transmission, depending on the type of publication. This approach is correct, but the content of individual recommendations is still alarming. For example, the "Rules" suggest that textual notes should contain semantic and editorial discrepancies in all available sources of the document text (Section 52), stipulate the insertion of individual words and sentences in the document text (section 53), and change the handwriting or method of reproducing the text (section 57) only in a scientific publication. The absence of references to the applicability of these provisions in publications classified as "popular science" can hardly be considered correct.

The paragraphs on the specifics of transmitting the text of documents from earlier periods address only the main issues. The compilers of the" Rules " make a reference in the preface to the special literature, which contains a more detailed development of methods for publishing certain types of sources, including documents from earlier periods (p. 4). In Section 62

43 P. Fostik. On the principles of publishing documents of the XIV-XVIII centuries in foreign languages. "Scientific and informational bulletin" of the Academy of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR Kiev, 1957, N 2 (28).

44 D. S. Likhachev. Textology. On the material of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries. Moscow-L. 1962.

45 I. A. Bulygin. About transmitting the text of Soviet-era documents. "Problems of Source studies", Vol. XI, Moscow, 1963.

46 T. V. Bataeva. About transmitting the text of Soviet-era documents in extracts. "Historical Archive", 1957, N 3.

47 N. Demkin. Some issues of preparation for the publication of documents of the Soviet period. "Scientific and informational bulletin" of the Administrative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR. Kiev, 1958, N 2 (32).

48 See A.D. Vartanyan and V. M. Khevrolina. On the issue of publishing documents in foreign languages and translations. "Archeographic yearbook for 1966", Moscow, 1968.

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it clarifies the provision on the preservation of spelling features of the text - they are preserved in the text of documents until the end of the XVIII century, and not until the middle of the XVIII century, as indicated in the" Rules " of 1955. Methods of transmitting the text of documents of modern and contemporary times (XIX - XX centuries) are considered in more detail. The authors point out (§ 71) that the text of documents of the 19th and 20th centuries is reproduced according to modern spelling rules, but with some (why only some and which ones?)preserved. language features. In the example given here, only phonetic features are noted. It seems that we should also mention other features of the text, which are usually united by a common concept - "stylistic", that is, about preserving the vocabulary of the text, its morphological and syntactic features. After all, they are found in large numbers in documents of modern times, including in documents of the Soviet period.

In the section on the peculiarities of transmitting modern and contemporary texts, new necessary recommendations have been introduced that were not included in the previous "Rules" - about abbreviated words and abbreviated names, about reproducing signatures, about the possibility to enter editorial abbreviations, and about the mandatory reproduction of certified signatures in Scientific publications. At the same time, the recommendations contained in the old "Rules" are correctly excluded, which can be easily found in spelling and punctuation reference books, for example, on the rules for using uppercase and lowercase letters, and so on. The compilers have developed detailed troubleshooting issues for the text, the techniques of which depend on the type of publication and the time of origin of the document (section 88). This dependency is established for almost every question, which is very important. The techniques for troubleshooting errors that have a semantic meaning have been clarified: in a popular science publication, they can be eliminated in the text, but the text notes must contain a faulty reading (section 90). New and important is the provision of the "Rules" of 1969. on the need to restore illegible signatures (Paragraph 94), however, the binding nature of this decision, apparently, could only be attributed to a scientific publication. In general, when analyzing the recommendations contained in the paragraphs on error correction, there is a more thoughtful and serious attitude to a popular science publication than was shown in the subsection on general requirements for text transmission.

A positive and new fact is the introduction to the" Rules " of a subsection on the specifics of text transmission and translation of documents in foreign languages and languages of the peoples of the USSR. The recommendations contained therein, while not exhaustive in the publication of such documents49, are logical and not objectionable. This assessment cannot be fully attributed only to section 99, which does not provide uniform recommendations for the specific type of publication of documents in the languages of the peoples of the Union and autonomous republics. Obviously, further development of the methodology for publishing these documents will make it possible to more strictly regulate the procedure for publishing texts in foreign languages and languages of the peoples of the USSR with or without translation in scientific publications.

Very important for archeographic practice are the provisions of the "Rules" on the transfer of text in the extraction. Here it is clearly defined in which cases (and in which publications) it is possible to publish documents in an extract (section 109), it is indicated in cases when such publication is unacceptable (Section 112), it is mandatory to provide a short content or title of the omitted text of the document in textual notes. However, the latter recommendation could have been expressed in a more categorical form, in order to eradicate the public from the Internet.-

49 See A.D. Vartanyan and V. M. Khevrolina. Edict op.

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According to the author's practice, the content of omitted spaces is indicated as follows: "A part of the text that is not related to the topic of the publication is omitted."

The advantage of the new " Rules "is that they contain an answer to questions long raised in the scientific press about the need to develop a methodology for abbreviating the content of documents. 50 The "Rules" clearly state the general provisions, as well as give specific recommendations on the methodology for compiling tables and regests, supported by examples from archeographic practice. What is new and very important for the practice of publishing is that the types of tables and regests are defined, the methods of their compilation, archeographic design, and location in the publication are described in detail. At the same time, for the first time in the archeographic rules, the question of the method of abbreviated reproduction of the content of documents of the Soviet period is highlighted (as is known, the "Rules" of 1936 spoke about the compilation of regests and tables based on documents of the XVI - XVII centuries). The use of the methodological guidelines for drawing up regests and tables set out in the "Rules" of 1969 should certainly lead to the expansion of the use of these types of abbreviated transmission of the content of documents in order to introduce into scientific circulation the widest possible range of new historical sources in scientific publications.

Let us focus on one more topical issue of archeographic activity - the scientific and reference apparatus of the publication. This problem attracts attention in several aspects: the need to use the scientific reference apparatus of the publication for critical analysis of published documents; the possibility of using in the scientific reference apparatus identified but not included in the publication documents; the prospect of using some elements of the scientific reference apparatus of the publication as independent reference books containing collapsed information about documents. It should be noted that in the practice of publications there is no unity in the preparation of scientific reference equipment. There are publications without a scientific reference device or with the device compiled at a low level. All editions of the" Rules "preceding the" Rules " of 1969 address issues of the scientific reference apparatus. They give some recommendations on how to use it for the purpose of critical analysis of documents and how to use identified but not included in the publication documents in the preface, notes, chronicle of events, for compiling lists of unpublished documents, A number of these provisions have already been considered in the press 51 . In the "Rules" of 1969, the text devoted to the scientific reference apparatus is distinguished by great detail and clarity in the presentation of the material. In comparison with previous editions (including 1955 and 1960), all elements of the scientific reference apparatus are considered more fully: preface, notes, indexes, chronicle of events, list of abbreviations, terminology dictionary, bibliography, list of published documents, table of contents; the principle of strict differentiation of the composition and methodology of compiling scientific papers is maintained.-

50 See B. G. Litvak. Some techniques for publishing statistical sources. "Historical Archive", 1957, N 2; his. Urgent issues of archeography of documents of the Soviet era; V. Z. Drobizhev. Some issues of transmitting text from mass sources. "Historical Archive", 1960, N 6; A. B. Kaplan. Regests are a convenient form of publication. "Soviet Archives", 1966, N 4. I. F. Astrakhantseva, V. M. Khevrolina. Edict. op.; E. M. Talman. On the issue of transferring the content of documents in the form of regests and tables. "Soviet archives", 1969, N 5; S. N. Valk. Regests in their past and present. "Archeographic yearbook for 1968", Moscow, 1970.

51 I. Demkin. Edict op., p. 69; V. A. Kondratiev. An important type of scientific reference apparatus for documentary publications. "Voprosy archivovedeniya", 1959, N 1 (11); Z. K. Zvezdin. On the use of documents in the scientific reference apparatus of collections. Voprosy archivovedeniya, 1960, No. 6 (16), etc.

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It is shown that textual notes in a scientific publication reflect the results of criticism of the text and, therefore, most of them are compiled in the process of transmitting the text. The "Rules" include information on the methodology for making notes to texts in foreign languages, on the systematization of chronicle articles, on the compilation of the table of contents for the publication; a method for compiling indexes is developed (for a geographical index, its varieties are introduced: topographic, an index of battle sites, an index of the location of a certain industry, etc.); the provisions of the "Rules"are developed 1960 on the list of published documents and the list of sources used; recommendations are given on the methodology for compiling lists of archival funds and lists of printed publications from which published documents are extracted.

Nevertheless, the section would have been more focused if the compilers had given the issue of the scientific reference apparatus a greater political focus. To this end, it would be necessary to introduce a provision on the definition of the political and scientific significance of publications in the statement of the tasks and composition of the preface (section 166). This idea could be particularly emphasized in relation to the preface to popular science and educational publications. This is also the lack of recommendations of the "Rules" concerning the historical part of the preface in a scientific publication (section 167). Section 170, "The purpose of notes", does not indicate their main purpose: to help the reader correctly understand and evaluate the content of documents from a Marxist - Leninist perspective. The new "Rules" also do not address the question of the relationship of parts of the scientific reference apparatus, the distribution of information load between parts, as was the case in the" Rules "of 1955, but rather the indication that" the components of the scientific reference apparatus should not repeat the same information " (section 164), sounds trivial.

The "rules" are well designed. They are accompanied by appendices containing instructions on organizational and methodological issues: on planning the preparation of the publication, on cooperation of scientific institutions in preparing documents for publication, and on other issues. Such recommendations should be welcomed, especially in view of the fact that a single state plan for publishing sources is still not being developed for all scientific institutions in the country. There is no single center in the country that manages the planning and scientific organization of publishing activities. The unresolved nature of these issues creates duplication in the subject matter and content of documentary publications. The lack of a single coordination center for managing all publishing activities in the country leads to the fact that many institutions" publishing documents are based on their own Rules or freely use general rules, not considering them mandatory. In this light, the "Rules for Publishing Historical Documents in the USSR" provide a valuable scientific and methodological guide for preparing documentary materials for publication. They fully take into account the achievements of theoretical thought and archeographic practice in recent years. But it is very important that they are supplemented by a set of measures that would create a good basis for their implementation.

The Rules of 1969 expand our understanding of modern theoretical and practical problems of Soviet archeography, promote its understanding as a special scientific discipline of a wide range, and open up great opportunities for further enriching it through new disciplines based on the methods of cybernetics. One of these disciplines is computer science, which studies the structure and properties (rather than the specific content) of scientific information, and

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also the laws of scientific and informational activity, its theory, history, methodology and organization. The purpose of computer science is to develop optimal ways and means of presenting (recording), collecting, analytical and synthetic processing, storing, searching and distributing scientific information .52
Archaeography, like computer science, also deals with scientific but mostly retrospective information. Its main goal is to develop the theory and methodology of publishing historical documents. Publications of documents based on this theory are sources of scientific information for researchers in various fields of knowledge. New forms of publishing documents: microphotographs, photo albums and documentaries, phonograph records and ferromagnetic tape-are based on new recording and recording tools that are common to those used in computer science. The transfer of text content in the publication of documents in the form of tables also takes place in computer science, and regests in archeography have something in common with abstracts in computer science. The latter provide a summary of the content of the document, indicating its nature, methodology and results of the study, as well as the time and place of the last study . The abstract is accompanied by a title and a link to the source. Regests are a statement of the content of a document while preserving its form as much as possible. The regest is accompanied by a title and legend. Consequently, regests and abstracts have a lot in common in terms of goals and methods of compilation. The difference is that regests are mainly based on unpublished documents, while abstracts are based on published scientific papers and articles.

Abstracts are subject to requirements that can be largely attributed to regests. The abstract should provide the main information about the document, provide the most valuable information from it, making it possible to determine whether it is necessary to refer to the primary document, be suitable for use in various publications of secondary information and mechanized information search engines 54 . It is this latter requirement - to be suitable for use in information retrieval systems - that is not yet put forward by archeography. Meanwhile, this is a very promising form of introducing documentary information into scientific circulation, a form of document research by historians, sociologists, and representatives of other sciences: a collection of regests prepared using a single methodology can serve as a source material for machine-based analytical processing of facts, digital data, and searching for authentic documents. In this regard, the question of formalizing the text of regests for certain types of documents should be raised. This, on the one hand, will ensure the completeness of regests (reduce information loss), and on the other hand, it will facilitate the compilation of a search image of documents when used in information search engines. In this regard, collections of regests as collections of secondary, processed and collapsed information on certain topics could be used in our archeographic activities.

To date, the publication work of archives and institutions has not been sufficiently clear in accounting for the publication of documents. It is not uncommon for publications that contain a significant percentage of reprints of documents from previously published publications. This problem could be solved by preparing a summary index compiled and written by-

52 See A. I. Mikhailov, A. I. Cherny, and R. S. Gilyarevsky. Fundamentals of computer science. Ed. 2-E. M. 1968, p. 57.

53 Ibid., p. 224.

54 Ibid., p. 226.

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This can be done with the help of mechanized devices. Summary (thematic) and named indexes to the entire published array of documents on a particular issue in some cases would contain much more valuable information as a key to studying already published documents than new editions of the documents themselves are made every time. Such indexes are also necessary for analyzing large-scale serial publications, such as the series "The Great October Socialist Revolution", "Industrialization", "Collectivization" and others, when central and local publications collectively reach dozens, and sometimes hundreds of volumes. In this regard, permutation pointers deserve attention. They originated as a way to quickly process arrays of publications and documents; they are compiled either with the help of electronic computers or with the help of mechanical means. By their nature, permutation pointers are subject pointers. Their purpose is to serve as a signal information, that is, to inform about the availability of certain publications or about the publication of new publications.

To take into account the development of theoretical ideas and methodological techniques in the field of archeography, an index of references (Index citation) could be developed, including both domestic and foreign literature on archeography and related scientific disciplines. This index is considered in computer science as a new promising method for selecting the necessary works. It is an index of books and articles published after the publication of the original work, which cite the mentioned work or provide references to it in any way.

The in-depth study and use of new scientific disciplines, coordination of activities with research institutes of information, especially in the field of social sciences, will allow Soviet archaeographers to make more active use of the rich documentary heritage of our country and enrich science on an ever-increasing scale with accurate documentary data.

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