Novosibirsk. Science. Siberian branch. 1983. 352 p.

Peer-reviewed collection 1 is one of a series of similar publications outlining the results of methodological seminars of various institutes of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the preface to it, it is noted that "the integration processes that have covered history, as well as other sciences, contribute to the creation of a unified picture of the historical process, which is given in a generalized form by historical materialism. In addition, it is precisely on the path of integration that history is presented not as a science that describes only individual historical facts, historical events and fragments of historical reality, but as a science that reveals causal relationships between them, a science that allows you to get a specific picture of each socio-economic formation and revolutionary transitions from one formation to another " (p. 4)..

The collection pays great attention to historical laws, which relate, as a special to the general, to broader sociological and general sociological laws that are the subject of historical materialism, as well as to key methodological problems of historical science - the analysis of structural elements and the entire set of research methods of historical cognition.

The collection opens with a section that includes articles that reveal the impact of Lenin's ideas on the study of various problems of historical science-from the history of the ancient world (article by chl.- correspondent. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR V. M. Masson) to the problems of war, peace and revolution in the XX century (article by L. G. Olekh). The article by R. I. Ivanova and A. T. Moskalenko is devoted to elucidating the conditions that promote or hinder the implementation of the methodological function of Marxist - Leninist philosophy in socio-political practice. On the basis of knowledge of the laws of its development, society has the opportunity to foresee future states of social existence, express them in ideal models and turn them into goals of its activities. The authors note that bourgeois philosophy, especially at the present stage of its development, is characterized by an antagonistic contradiction between theory and practice. On the contrary, Marxism achieves their true unity, which, however, does not exclude the possibility that the" out-of-sync " development of theory and practice, epistemological difficulties, subjectivism, etc.may lead to contradictions between theory and individual practical actions. These contradictions are non-antagonistic in nature, and their resolution raises the unity of theory and practice to a new, higher level (p.61).

1 Author's team: V. V. Alekseev, A. L. Blinov, R. S. Vasilevsky, V. S. Gershgorin, L. M. Goryushkin, N. Ya. Gushchin, corresponding member. A. P. Derevyanko, R. I. Ivanova, V. I. Isaev, and L. F. Kolesnikov, corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR V. M. Masson, B. G. Mogilnitsky, V. I. Molodin, A. T. Moskalenko, N. V. Nalyvaiko, L. G. Olekh, acad. [A. P. Okladnikov ], V. S. Poznansky, A. N. Sagaidachny, A. L. Simanov, V. L. Soskin, corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of THE USSR Z. V. Udaltsova, V. I. Ukolova, Yu. P. Kholyushkin, V. I. Shishkin. Editorial Board: V. V. Alekseev, V. I. Boyko, R. S. Vasilevsky, corresponding member. A. P. Derevyanko, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Academy of Sciences of the USSR A. I. Krushanov, A. T. Moskalenko (Deputy Editor-in-chief); acad. [A. P. Okladnikov ] (editor-in-chief), A. L. Simanov (Secretary-in-chief), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Z. V. Udaltsova; acad. A. L. Yanshin (editor-in-chief). Compiled by A. T. Moskalenko.

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The second section opens with article B. In this article, the author was able to successfully highlight some aspects of the extremely multifaceted and complex topic "Historical Science and Modernity". Each new epoch, each class and social group has its own vision of the past, but this does not in the least indicate the validity of the subjectivist conclusions drawn by many bourgeois historians. Marxist historicism proceeds from the fact that the connection of times does not prevent, but, on the contrary, contributes to obtaining objective knowledge about the past, of course, if its research is conducted from a truly scientific position that meets the interests of advanced social forces. The topic "The role of modernity in the study of the past" cannot be considered sufficiently studied. Thus, the central issue in this regard has not been resolved: the scope of what can be added to the coverage of a particular event by taking into account the experience of subsequent development. Apparently, considering the phenomenon in historical retrospect, without changing anything in our knowledge about the manifestation of general sociological and sociological laws in a certain era, can lead to significant changes in the ideas about certain historical laws - about their interrelation, about chronological and regional boundaries of their applicability, etc. pay closer attention.

An interesting problem is considered in the article by N. V. Nalyvaiko, in which an attempt is made to analyze the methodological foundations of studying the activity of an individual as an organic part of the study of the historical process. V. L. Soskin's article describes some ways of improving the effectiveness of historical research. The author sees them in raising the level of their "fundamentality", which is equivalent to the utility coefficient, in developing a systematic approach applied to various branches of knowledge, in updating the" technology " of historical works, and, finally, in mastering new methodological concepts such as the category "lifestyle"in research practice. V. S. Gershgorin's article contains an analysis of the concept of "criterion", which is not theoretically elaborated in the specialized literature. The author distinguishes the following aspects of this concept: "First, the criterion as a philosophical and general scientific category should reflect the essence of the object. Secondly, being a synthesis of many definitions of the subject, the criterion must have the power of concreteness. Third, it must have some degree of universality. Fourthly, the scientific criterion must be developed on the basis of taking into account all the principles of materialist dialectics." 126).

The third and most extensive section of the collection contains, along with other works on typology that are of current importance for historical science. In the article of the corresponding member. Z. V. Udaltsova analyzes the issues that have aroused great interest of scientists in recent years, which reflects the regularities of the development of the modern world and historical science itself, increasing attention to the history of world culture and understanding it as a component of a single process of human society development, despite all the diversity. The author rightly notes that at the current stage of the development of science, the task of creating a general concept of the cultural and historical process should be set and solved, which would reveal the laws of cultural development, which are the expression in a specific form of historical and sociological laws.

When determining what is common and special in the culture of different countries and peoples, the author notes, the researcher meets with another extremely important question - the role of traditions and innovation in the cultural and historical process. "The preservation of centuries-old traditions, cultural heritage of a particular people helps to detect not only differences between cultural and historical epochs, socio-ethnic communities, but also to identify the successive (temporal and spatial) connections between them" (p. 137). Z. V. Udaltsova supports this important position, in particular, by summarizing the results of research on the process of synthesis in the Russian language. Byzantium of the IV-VII centuries of late Antique and emerging medieval culture.

A related problem is considered in the article by V. I. Ukolova, which convincingly shows that the study of the genesis of feudalism as a socio-economic formation includes, as a necessary component, the study of a new type of culture. The formation of the culture of the early Middle Ages is a synthesis of late Antique Christian and barbarian traditions with the gradual establishment of the predominance of Christianity. Over time

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the Christian ideological complex became the main system-forming element of the culture of the feudal era, to which all cultural phenomena were "pulled up" and through which all cultural phenomena were refracted, interacting with it, merging or trying to resist it (p. 164). Christianity was not only the ideological core of Western European culture, but also the ideological sanction of the feudal system.

The last section, devoted to methodological problems of archeology, opens with the theses of the Academy of Sciences. A. P. Okladnikov "Siberia in the panorama of centuries", which highlights the main stages of development of the peoples of this region. In fact, the theses represent a statement of a broad research program of archaeologists and historians, the implementation of which requires serious methodological support. As you know, in modern archaeology there are active processes of change in the field of both its theory and methods. The possibilities of creating a theoretical system in archeology are discussed in the article by corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academy of Sciences of the USSR A. P. Derevyanko and A. L. Simanova. They distinguish two main stages of archaeological research: the first - empirical, which is reduced to search, excavation and laboratory work; the second-theoretical, i.e. reconstruction, interpretation and creation of a theoretical concept. Based on the analysis of these stages, the authors conclude that it is possible to construct a complete hypothetical-deductive model of archaeological research and archeology as a science (p. 260). It is necessary to pay attention to the authors ' opinion that it is advisable to use the results and methods of other sciences that have passed through the stage of empirical development in their time when considering methodological problems of archeology.

The article by acad. A. P. Okladnikov and R. S. Vasilevsky discusses methodological aspects of the study of the spiritual life of ancient societies. According to the authors, the origins of art and aesthetic perception of the world, aesthetic assessment of reality, are rooted in mythology as an unconsciously artistic processing of nature and social existence in the human mind and in the real labor experience of the primitive community, which formed purely human abilities, feelings and qualities that distinguish a person from an animal (pp. 271-272).

Some of the propositions put forward by the authors of the collection's articles are debatable. A significant part of the issues raised could not be covered with the desired completeness - it could not be otherwise, given how broad-probably even excessive-the problems of the collection are.

At the same time, the reader would also like to hear the opinion of such an authoritative scientific team on such important discussion issues as the relationship between the philosophical and historical aspects of the category "socio-economic formation", on key issues of historical typology, in particular the typology of historical laws. Unfortunately, the integrity of the collection is not always affected by the justified diversity of topics. The review does not mention the articles that are worthy of attention, because they relate more to the field of science and historiography than to the methodology of history, or they contain an analysis of the concepts of certain specific historical events. Some articles are scholastic.

Questions of methodology are relegated to the background in these articles, while other works in the collection clearly show a focus on solving methodological problems raised by the needs of concrete historical research, the current stage of development of Marxist historical science.

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