The article describes and presents the results of analysis of psalms, fragments of which were found in the layer of the Bronze Age settlement Kamenny Ambar. Stratigraphic conditions of occurrence of objects are considered, and data from typological, tracological, and functional studies are presented. One of the psalms is attributed to Sintashta, the other to Peter's cultural traditions. Their chronological position is determined. A reconstruction of the process of their manufacture and use is given.

Keywords: Southern Trans-Urals, Bronze Age, Sintashta culture, Petrovskaya culture, fortified settlement Kamenny Ambar, psalms, horse bridle.

Introduction

Bone and horn psalms in the cultural layers of Bronze Age settlements have recently been a regular source of interest for archaeologists*, but the matching of reference finds of this type with radiocarbon-dated objects is still not so common. In 2009, during ongoing work on the Bronze Age fortified settlement of Kamenny Ambar, fragments of two items attributed to us as psalms were discovered. This article continues a series of publications of materials from this monument (Epimakhov, Berseneva, Panteleeva, 2012; Koryakova et al., 2011; Molchanov, 2012; Noskevich et al., 2012; Rassadnikov, 2012; Krause et al., 2010). The settlement is located 9.5 km south-southeast of Varshavsky village, Kartalinsky district, Chelyabinsk Region, on the left bank of the Karagaily-Ayat River (52° 49 ' 47 "N; 60° 29' 0 " E), in the northern steppe zone within the boundaries of the Trans-Ural peneplain. It is located on the almost horizontal platform of the first terrace. The settlement is associated with the previously studied Kamenny Ambar-5 burial mound, which is interesting in the context of this work because it contains a solid collection of psalms, which is extremely important for understanding the cultural and chronological processes of the Bronze Age (Epimakhov, 2005).

Context of finds

In the north-western part of the settlement, after a detailed magnetic survey, excavation 6** was laid, the grid of which included a section between two parallel roads.

The work was carried out within the framework of the interdisciplinary project of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences N 12-M-456-2024 and with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project N 12 - 06 - 91330-NNR-a).

* The authors know at least 256 copies, and new publications are published with enviable regularity (Podobed, Usachuk, Tsimidanov, 2010; Usachuk, Potapov, 2011; etc.).

** For a description of excavations 1 - 5 and the structures studied in them, see [Koryakova et al., 2011; Multidisciplinary investigations..., 2013].

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Fig. 1. Plan of excavation 6 and investigated objects. 1-foundation of the settlement wall; 2-wells; 3-filling of individual depressions; 4 - outlines of Sintashta structures; 5 - hole from a pillar; 6 - stone; 7-outlines of log - Alakul structures; 8-fragments of psalms.

rows of buildings ("street"), part of dwellings 4 and 5 of the Sintashta period, and a small building 6 of the Late Bronze Age (Fig. 1) [Koryakova, 2012]. Judging by the magnetogram, dwelling 4, partially excavated, was inscribed in the north-western corner of the settlement and its area can be approx. 200 m2. The objects that have been studied almost completely include building 6. Before the excavation, it was not expressed in any way in the surface relief, but was recorded as a strong anomaly on a magnetic map. The structure, slightly sunk into the underlying layer, occupied a significant space in the northern part of the excavation and overlapped the remains of the Sintashta dwelling.4

Both fragments of the Psalms were found at the site I/-9 associated with building 5, which was discovered in the south-eastern sector of the excavation*. Taking into account the detailed magnetometric survey in the studied part of the monument and the location of the synchronous dwelling 4, it can be argued that the structure was oriented along the NW-SE line, parallel to the settlement wall.

Building 5 on the excavated site is deepened by 10-20 cm from the level of the ancient surface. During its construction, only the top layer of humus was removed. The main filling of the pit is red-brown soil. The thickness of the deposits varied from 40 to 60 cm. There were many punctures in them, traces of fire exposure. The walls of the pit are mostly inclined and eroded, the bottom is very uneven, with a noticeable decrease to the southeast. The floor of the structure was recorded at different sites and depths by scattered spots of whitish variegated color with a thickness of 2-4 to 10-16 cm. Biologists found fan-and wedge-shaped forms characteristic of the reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud is a large hydrophilic plant. This may indicate that it is used as mats. Inside the building, about 100 holes were cleared from the pillars, the location of which indicates multiple repairs.

At the site I, A'/-8, -9 at a depth of -0.10 m near the northern and eastern walls of the excavation, a yellow loose variegated layer was recorded swimming. Its lower border was emphasized by a soot-colored strip, indicating burnt organic material (wood). This layer was covered with a thin (up to 2 cm) layer of red-brown hue (the main filling of Sintashta buildings), located 2-8 cm above the floor level. It is noteworthy that ceramics originating from the yellow layer are mainly represented by shards of Peter's type vessels. At the site I/-9 at a depth of -0.13 m, a fragment of a shield psalm of the same cultural tradition was found, and at a depth of -0.21 m, on the floor of building 5, a fragment of a shield psalm of the Sintashta type was found. Unfortunately, the uncovered area is not sufficient for final conclusions, but the available material draws attention to the problem of the correlation between the Sintashta and Petrine traditions. The latter still does not have a clear link to any of the buildings studied on the monument. At the same time, in the moat of the Petrovskaya settlement, ceramics lie slightly higher than Sintashtinskaya

* It was not expressed in the microrelief of the surface; excavation 6 (2009) affected only its western part. In addition to psalms, the collection of finds collected here mainly contains animal bones and products made from them, stone disks, other tools and their blanks, Sintashta and Petrovsky ceramics.

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and significantly lower than the srubno-Alakulskaya one (Koryakova et al., 2011, pp. 64-65, 71).

Three wells are connected to the interior of Building 5, which was excavated in 2009. They vary in size, type of filling, and design features. Above all, the remains of some burnt-out structures were recorded in the form of bright spots of yellow, red, orange and black colors. As they were cleared, the shape of the wells became almost regular and circular. After the study of the cultural layer, the areas occupied by these wells were preserved. Since the excavation of Building 5 has not yet been completed, we reserve the interpretation of the research materials in this part for the future.

Psalms and principles of their research

The origin and use of the word "psalms" in Russian was considered in detail by A. N. Usachuk [2007], but as early as 1953 A. A. Jessen, with reference to academician L. E. Stefani, pointed out that this term can be understood as " parts of horse bits, which on the outside, on both sides, completed a part, put it in the horse's mouth." However, he also expressed doubts about the correctness of the use of the name ("psalion") in relation to this part, which in Russian is usually called a mouthpiece, trenzel, ram, crutch, mustache, cheek guard, etc. [Jessen, 1953, p. 56]. Today, it is generally accepted that the Greek term "psalion" means metal means of controlling a horse separated from the bit (Littauer, 1969, p.290-291; Novozhenov, 1994, p. 254).

The discovery of bone and horn artifacts from the Bronze Age in the 20th century required their attribution and the development of a term that was eventually borrowed from Early Iron Age archaeology. Of course, the word acquired a new connotation and began to be defined somewhat differently. Thus, V. A. Novozhenov [1994, p. 254] agrees with the definition of M. A. Littauer and J. H. Crowell: psalms are elements of the bit in the form of a disk or plate with spikes on the inner side, located along the edges of the horse's lips and connected to the headband by one or several cheek straps, fix the bit in the mouth and with the The external sides create pressure on the lower jaw [Littauer and Crowwell, 1979, p. 254].S. B. Valchak defines psalms as paired parts of the bridle that served to connect the bit with the belt headband [2009, p. 18]. We tend to give this concept a different definition, which generalizes almost all types of artifact data. Psalms - a wooden, horn, bone or metal piece of horse equipment used as a means of controlling the horse by acting on the lips, corners of the mouth and cheeks of the animal, as well as as a distributor of the straps of the headband. In the context of this article, it is also important to emphasize that the material chosen by the master is the most important typological and chronological feature. The order of its designations in our definition reflects the evolution in the use of material for psalms from the Bronze Age to the present (if we take for a variety of psalms some additional parts of modern horse control tools - "iron").

In addition, the accumulation of a significant amount of facts makes it urgent to develop new research approaches and principles for studying this category of artifacts, and therefore an algorithm for documenting the find and describing the morphology of the product was developed [Chechushkov and Epimakhov, 2010, pp. 183-184]. The main principle that guided us in identifying the range of concepts and formulating their definitions was the thesis about the primary importance of the function of an element, which partially or completely determined its morphology. To name individual parts of the scapular psalter, we used well-established terminology, but in some cases we introduced our own terminology, based on the functions and modern hippological analogies. So, it can be stated that the basis of the product is a shield, in the center of which a through trenzel hole is made for passing belt rods. It can be reinforced with a special sleeve - roller. On the inside, the shield often has monolithic or inset spikes, straight or shaped. A bar may be attached to the top of the shield, sometimes with hooks and / or additional holes. Some varieties of psalms can have a hole (usually one, less often - more), which is parallel to the plane of the shield and is made in the end of the product.

Let's define some technical techniques used when working with the psalm as a historical source (Figure 2). The product is always viewed from two sides: from the inside, which is facing the horse's muzzle, and from the outside, facing out. The circumference of the psalms can be divided into 12 sectors, like a clock face. The psalm bar is traditionally turned up, i.e. it is oriented at "12 o'clock". If it is missing, the upper side is determined conditionally, in accordance with other characteristics (the location of spikes, additional holes). The psalms are measured along the axes. The first measurement is the X - axis (horizontal), the second is the Y - axis (vertical), and the third is the Z-axis (the range of depth values from minimum to maximum, taking into account the height of spikes). This gives you a detailed view of the size and dimensions of the artifact. Measurements are given in millimeters. TRA methodology-

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2. Diagram of elements (1) and sectors of the shield psalter (2).

The aim of the oological study of samples was to visually study the surfaces of the products using an MBS-2 microscope (magnification from 6 to 24 times) and macrophotography.

Description of the Psalms

Psalms N 1 (1285/718, uch. Ya/-9, ch. -0.21 m; Fig. 3, 4). 1. Morphological description. The artifact is a segmented fragment of the psalter's shield. The largest dimensions are 62.0 * 26.1 mm, thickness from 5.4 to 7.9 mm. A fragment of the spike located in the hole intended for it (N 3) and a part of the hole with a diameter of 8.3 mm for placing the insertion spike (N 2) have been preserved. In addition, the presence of a small hole with a diameter of ≈ 2 - 3 mm (N 1) was recorded. The psalter was made from the horn of an elk (Alces alces), and from the dense outer part of its spade*.

2. Tracological research. Studying the psalium fragment under a microscope provided information about the methods of its manufacture. As a material, the master chose the outer part of the elk horn, removing almost all the compaction, but the remnants of its layer are observed on the inner side of the product, and the border is on the scrap. The channel of the hole N 2, opened by scrapping the shield, has a conical shape, narrows to the outer side of the plate. This may indicate that the hole is being drilled from the inside. The channel is well polished, the edges of the hole on both sides are slightly flared and shiny.

The insertion spike, judging by the preserved fragment, consisted of a cylinder-base and a protruding part exceeding it by 1 mm in dimeter, the shape of which cannot be determined. However, it is possible to reconstruct the technological method of fixing spikes in the shield. Probably, the master used the method of "tight landing": in the holes of heated (steamed) cold spikes with a figured shape were inserted into the shield; when cooling, the shield tightly covered their base cylinders. Further, the outer side of the shield was sanded already with" embedded " spikes, as evidenced by the co-directionality of the tracks on the shield and the end of the spike.

To stiffen the psalter flap, rollers are made on its inner side around the holes, and one (around the hole N 2) is "emphasized" by an additional recess of the horn plate compacts, which led to the appearance of a roller along the contour of the flap. Microscopic examination revealed traces of their marking in the form of linear notches (Fig. 4, 2).

In addition, it can be stated that the psalium was in operation, as evidenced by the "polish" of the traces of manufacture and the characteristic shine of the edges of the product.

3. Reconstruction of morphology. Graphic reconstruction of possible variants of the original shape of the product was performed by us in the auto environment-

3. Fragment of psalms N 1 (1) and variants of reconstruction of the general appearance of the article (2, 3).

* The material was determined according to the criteria described in detail in the work of A. P. Borodovsky [2007, pp. 34-35] and verified by us in our own experimental works [Epimakhov and Chechushkov, 2004; Chechushkov, 2007].

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Fig. 4. Psalii N 1. 1-dimensional characteristics of the fragment and revealed traces of cutting and grinding (A); 2, 3-macro photography of the spike from the inside (2), in profile and from the outside (3).

3). Assuming that the psalium originally had vertical symmetry, we reflected the preserved contour, thereby filling in the missing details. Psalms from grave 5 mounds 2 of the Kamenny Ambar-5 burial ground were used as close analogues for the reconstruction of the product's appearance [Epimakhov, 2005, pp. 25-28]. Based on these findings, it can be assumed that the shield could have a sub-square (see Figs. 3, 2) or rounded (see Figs. 3, 3) shape and four holes for insertion spikes. In addition, there is an additional smaller hole on the preserved part. As a rule, such holes were made in case of repair of the product. Therefore, we assume that it was not symmetric. Perhaps this is where the objective information ends, and then we enter the shaky ground of assumptions. So, the trenzel hole could be rounded and reinforced with an additional roller, which we showed on the reconstructed section of the product. Also, psalms probably had a bar with three (?) holes, two of which were rounded in shape and actually located on the shield.

4. Typological conclusion. Thus, during the excavation of dwelling 5, a fragment of a horn shield psalter was discovered. The product had plug-in spikes and a small additional hole in the shield. Unfortunately, the psalium does not have pronounced typological features, and the available ones (material-horn; inserted spikes, the shape of which is not established; perhaps a number of small rounded holes in the bar) do not allow us to draw a complete typological conclusion. Psalms from grave 8 of mound 2 of the Kamenny Ambar-5 burial ground can be cited as a probable close analog [Epimakhov, 2005, pp. 32-41]. This product has similar typological features (a horn psal with two monolithic and one inserted spike, a bar with a number of small round holes), but it comes from the same complex with a pair of" classic " Sintashta psalms. It has already been used for historical reconstructions, showing that the Pre-Volga psalms existed no later than other items of this type (Pryakhin and Besedin, 1998, pp. 30-32). However, even more interesting is the obvious similarity of the fragment under consideration with the Pokrovsko-Abashev products (II Uvarovsky burial ground, mound. 12, border 2 [Mikhailova and Kuzmina, 1999]; Staroyuryevsky burial ground, mound 2, border 1 [Pryakhin, 1972], etc.) and psalms from the Potapovsky burial ground (mound 3, border 4; mound 4). 5, page 8 (Kuznetsov, 2004)). Thus, the new find suggests that the Sintashta masters were well acquainted with the technological techniques inherent in the carriers of the Pre-Volga traditions, and synchronize these types of psalms. The described product belongs to the Sintashta culture, dating from 2030 - 1750 BC (95.4 %) [Epimakhov, 2007, p.404]. However, based on the radiocarbon date of border 8 of Kurgan 2 (1980-1770 Yepimakhov, Hanks, and Renfrew, 2005, p. 96]) both psalms, both from the burial ground and from the Kamenny Ambar settlement, can be dated to the last centuries of the existence of this culture (XIX-XVIII centuries BC). Probably, the Pokrovskie Lakes belong to the same period and the Potapov psalms.

Psalms N 2 (1286/718, uch. Ya/-9, ch. -0.13 m; figs. 5, 6). 1. Morphological description. The artifact is a fragment of a bone carapace psalter (≈ 1/5 part), but its original morphology can only be partially determined. The largest dimensions are 47.5*41.0 mm, thickness from 2.0 to 5.2 mm. The trapezoidal plank, separated from the shield by a series of round holes, of which there were originally six, is being confidently reconstructed. It is important to note that it is not highlighted in the relief, but by drawing a thin, uneven line, the master marked the border between

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5. Fragment of Psalms No. 2 (1) and reconstruction of the general view of the article (2).

two parts of the product. The bar is provided with a hook directed parallel to the X axis of the psal.

The shape of the shield and the entire product is established only hypothetically, but it can be assumed that the dimensions along the X and Y axes fit into a square of approximately 70*70 mm. Judging by the preserved additional hole in the shield, the psalium was equipped with insert spikes with a base diameter of 6-7 mm, therefore, their height was not less than 8 - 10 mm. The trenzel hole had a rounded shape, with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm. In its area, there is some thickening of the shield, but no special roller was made. The fragment contains three holes with a diameter of 3 mm (and part of the fourth) on the bar, a semi-oval recess separating the bar from the shield and forming the right hook. Under it there is a large part of the hole with a diameter of 3.6 mm, to the left and below-part of the hole (reconstructed diameter of 7.5-8.0 mm) for placing the insertion spike, and even lower-part of the trenzel hole.

2. Tracological research. Some technological techniques used in the manufacture of the artifact are established with confidence. The material was animal bone. After cutting out the shape and drilling, the master resorted to grinding the product. It is expressed by groups of tracks on the shield located at an angle of 25-27° to the conditional X-axis of the psal (Fig. 6, 1, B), weak traces (at an angle of 90°) are also noticeable on the bar. The characteristic shine of these tracks indicates the subsequent polishing, which, however, was not completed by the master.

Traces of product markings are established quite rarely, but the studied psalms provide some important information (Fig. 6, 1, B). In the upper part of the flap at the level of the small additional hole, a number of round marks were found. Here the master did not drill, placing additional holes higher. These marks are partially covered and destroyed by traces of grinding and polishing, which indicates that they were applied at the first stages of work. We also note another important feature of the marking: on the preserved part of the psalter, there are four additional holes in the bar, while there are 2 times more marks. Probably, the master applied not only

Fig. 6. Psalii N 2. 1-dimensional characteristics and revealed traces of harmony and its vector (A), planned holes (B), traces of grinding (C); 2 - 4 - macro survey of hooks (2), additional hole (3), border between the shield and the bar (4).

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basic, but also intermediate reference points. Another explanation may be that the labels are associated with the intended ornament. However, the ornamented psalms of the" classical " Petrovsky subspecies are still unknown. There are also marks on the bar: one is located between holes N 1 and 2, the other is adjacent to the last one on the right. This is quite a significant detail from a technological point of view, since the planned holes allow us to state that the master started drilling them from the outside of the psal.

The plank is separated from the flap by an intermittent horizontal line, which rather symbolizes the typical thinning of the plank, rather than really showing it (Figs. 6, 4). However, it is characteristic that the sanding tracks of the shield are limited to this marking line and do not enter the bar. This fact can be explained precisely by the master's attempt to thin the bar and then polish it. As a result, the traces of primary grinding were almost erased.

The exploitation of the psalms is evidenced by the richness and harmony of the edges. Such traces are quite numerous. Significant flattening was found on the upper side and right "shoulder" of the bar. The hook is strongly worked and especially the notch under it - here the borders have acquired a characteristic rounded shape, which indicates a long-term contact of the surface with the mounting cord (Fig. 6, 2). In addition, it is obvious that additional holes in the bar are worked at the edges and in the channels in the direction of "12 o'clock". Let's describe them in more detail. Due to the fault, a strong flooding of the channel of the hole N 1 is recorded, and the harmony of the edges is weak. The edge of hole No. 2 is strongly flared on the outside, the channel is sharply distinguished at "11 o'clock", on the inside the edge is weakly worked (Fig. 6, 3). The thickness of the edges of hole No. 3 is weak, but the channel is noticeable at "12 o'clock". The edges of the hole N 4 are practically not smoothed, but a weak harmony is recorded in the direction of "12 hours and 30 minutes".

The greatest harmony was found at the edges and in the channel of the trenzel hole. The edges are strongly flared, the channel has an intense characteristic shine. At the same time, the harmony of the outer edge in the direction of "12 hours and 30 minutes"prevails. In addition, during operation, the initially round trenzel hole acquired a shape close to an oval, elongated horizontally. The overall harmony vector falls on "5 o'clock", which corresponds to its left position in the headband. The version of the reconstruction of the Bronze Age chariot horse head is shown in Fig. 7.

In conclusion, it should be noted: 1) the degree of severity of signs of operation on the outer side is higher than on the inner side; 2) the absence of signs of harmony of the edges and channel of the hole under the hook indicates its non-functionality or an attempt to repair; 3) the smooth face of the part of the hole for the spike suggests that the fastening of the latter excluded its"),

3. Reconstruction of morphology. As in the first case, we made an attempt to graphically reconstruct the artifact using computer-aided design tools. As a result, we came to the conclusion that the psalter had a trapezoidal bar with six (?) round holes and hooks. Probably, it was equipped with three or four insertion spikes, although it is possible that they were originally monolithic, and the observed hole is the result of repair of the product. The shape of the shield is the most difficult part to reconstruct. To restore it, we can rely on the" shoulder " of the plank as the starting point and the trenzel hole, which is usually the geometric center of the shield of any psal. As a result, the most logical form is segmented or rounded, which can accommodate a trenzel hole and three or four spikes. It should be noted that the rounded shape of the shield is not quite typical of Peter's psalms, but such items from the Tokanai I burial grounds (Logvin, 2005) and Bestamak (border 7) (Kalieva and Logvin, 2009) can be cited as analogues. For Peter's psalms, the shape of the shield, apparently, was not a significant feature, and the masters were free from rigid installations. As in the first case, the fragment under study has a small additional hole in the shield and it is impossible to say with certainty whether it was the only one or had a symmetrical pair. In any case, we cannot completely deny the latter. The presence of a large number of alterations suggests that the master who made this psal was not the highest qualification, and perhaps even only learned the skill of a bone cutter.

7. Reconstruction of the headband with Psalm No. 2.

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4. Typological conclusion. According to a number of characteristic features, this product can be confidently interpreted as a bone shield psalter with a segmental shield (?), a trapezoidal bar, a rounded trenzel hole without any reinforcement, and inserted spikes. The bar had a series of small rounded holes and downward-pointing hooks. The shield also had a rounded additional hole (holes?).

Analogs of this type of artefacts are widely known in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes and, as a rule, are associated with monuments of the Petrovsky type (Berlik II, mound 10 [Zdanovich, 1988]; Bestamak, mound 7 [Kalieva and Logvin, 2009]; Zhaman-Kargala I, mound 14, mound 10). 2 (Tkachev, 2004); Toksanbai settlement (Samashev, Ermolaeva, Loshakova, 2007). An interesting exception, perhaps, is the pair from border 30 of the Sintashta burial ground [Gening V. F., Zdanovich, Gening V. V., 1992, p. 213], which, judging by the publication, has similar features. Thus, the described artifact belongs to the Petrovsky cultural tradition of the Southern Urals.

The excavated part of building 5 is radiocarbon dated to 1955 - 1751 BC (95.4 %) [Koryakova, 2012; Multidisciplinary investigations..., 2013]. The dates of Peter's monuments fall within the period of 1930 - 1690 BC (95.4 %), and the cultural group itself is generally recognized as post-Sin - Tashta, although it is closely related to the Sintashta tradition [Epimakhov, 2007, pp. 410-412]. However, the dating intervals of the Sintashta and Petrovsky materials coincide for a considerable period, indicating the possibility of their coexistence.

Conclusion

The discovery of psalms at the Kamenny Ambar settlement is an extremely important discovery for a number of reasons, including a fairly clear cultural attribution of the monument's layers, the presence of a series of radiocarbon dates, and the possibility of comparison with artifacts from the synchronous burial ground. As a result of our research, we can draw the following conclusions.

1. Despite the existence of a rather monolithic typological core (see [Chechushkov and Epimakhov, 2010, pp. 186-188]), two Sintashta psalms from the Kamenny Ambar microdistrict demonstrate the familiarity of local craftsmen with the western Pokrovsko-Abashev tradition. This is expressed in the presence of such features as inset spikes, a perforated bar, and ornamentation of the flap. They add some variety to the Sintashta tradition. Since both finds come from the Kamenny Ambar microdistrict, it is possible that we are dealing with a local phenomenon. The fact that the psalms were found in building layer 5 indicates that their production or repair took place in the settlement. From our point of view, products of this kind should be synchronized with the Pokrovsko-Abashev (Staroyuryevsky) psalms (XIX-XVIII centuries BC).

2. The characteristics of another psal are in good agreement with the conclusions about the features included in the Petrovsky typological core [Ibid., p. 188]. We are talking about the use of bone as a material, a trenzel hole without reinforcement, a segmental shield. Psalms with this morphology are interpreted by us as most closely related to the previous Sintashta tradition. In addition, this finding confirms the conclusions about the presence of such a morphology in the Petrovsky collection of products of this category. All psalms of Peter's subspecies can be dated to the 19th-17th centuries BC.

3. The findings provide interesting new information about the production of psalms. For example, thanks to Psalm 1, the method of "tight fit" of insertion spikes is confidently reconstructed. It should be noted that the sum of facts accumulated to date suggests the existence of wooden prototypes of horn psalms in ancient times and their parallel use. This is evidenced by numerous inserted horn spikes found in the Don-Volga region, as well as the remains of wooden shields in a single mound near the village. Novo-Yablonovka (Usachuk, Yudin, Afrikanov, 2011). It is reasonable to assume that many methods of working with horn and bone raw materials were borrowed from woodworking, in particular, the method of heat treatment of psalia billets reconstructed by us.

Psalms No. 2 gives a lot of information about the preliminary marking of the workpiece, technical techniques and stages of production. In particular, this product shows that the master changed the initial decisions about the place of execution of certain parts several times. Perhaps this psalm was made by a novice bone cutter, a kind of" apprentice " of the Bronze Age.

4. Both considered artifacts have numerous traces of harmony. It is obvious that the inhabitants actively used the traction power of horses and vehicles at all stages of the settlement's functioning.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 01.04.13, in the final version-on 30.09.13.

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