Anna Sokolova

Spontaneous Memorialization in Urban Landscape: the Case of Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl)

Anna Sokolova - Research Fellow, Russian Nation Research Department of Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of Russian Academy of Sciences, annadsokolova@gmail.com

This article describes the now forming brand new practices of spontaneous memorialization of resonant and tragic accidents accompanied by numerous or single human loss. We analyze commemoration and performativity (according to J. Santino) in spontaneous memorialization in Russian context and distinguish different types of it. We conclude that social injustice is (among others) an important driver in the very process of rising the memorials in nowadays Russia. On the other hand we find fundamental similarities between Russian, European and American memorial traditions. The paper draws on detailed analysis of the spontaneous memorialization acts after plane crash incident in which ice-hockey team "Lokomotiv" died on the yth of September 2011.

Keywords: spontaneous shrines, grassroots memorialization, funeral rites, commemoration, Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl).

This work was supported by the grant " Russians of the beginning of the XXI century: Historical Memory, Self-consciousness, Culture "within the framework of the Fundamental Research Program of the History Section of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"Nations and the State in world History".

The author is grateful to Leta Yugai for her help in creating the scheme of a spontaneous memorial near the Arena 2000 stadium in Yaroslavl and Timofey Pashnin for valuable advice on the game of ice hockey and the Kontinental Hockey League.

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The practice of spontaneous public memorialization of people who died tragically or under special circumstances that make the event resonant is a new and poorly studied phenomenon among funeral and memorial practices in modern Russia. In many respects, the practice of creating spontaneous collective memorials is similar to the practice of installing commemorative signs at the sites of automobile accidents, which we considered separately earlier [1]. At the same time, in contrast to the individual practice of installing cenotaphs at car accident sites, this practice is widespread almost exclusively in the city.

The topic of spontaneous mass memorial rites, to which our work is devoted, is well developed in foreign science - detailed descriptions of memorials 2 are given, archives of artifacts that made up memorial 3 are created. In Russian science, however, it was almost not affected. Therefore, our main task is to provide detailed documentation of one of the most significant Russian memorials of recent years. Note that not all methods of social anthropology work well for the practice of spontaneous commemoration. In particular, the interview method in this case is auxiliary in nature, and the main method is observation and photo recording.

1. Sokolova A.D., Yudkina A. B. Memorial signs at the places of automobile accidents// Ethnographic review. 2012. N2. pp. 150-164.

2. Everett, H. (2000) "Roadside Crosses and Memorial Complexes in Texas", Folklore 111: 91 - 118; Everett, H. (2002) Roadside Crosses in Contemporary Memorial Culture. Denton: University of North Texas Press; Nicolas, L. (2007) "Les bouquets funeraires des bords de routes", Imageson.org, 30 Janvier; Margry, P.J. and Sanchez-Carretero, C. (eds) (2011) Grassroots Memorials. The Politics of Memorializing Traumatic Death. New York/Oxford: Berghahn; Schramm, K. (2011) "Introduction: Landscapes of Violence: Memory and Sacred Space", History & Memory. 23 (1): 5 - 22; Santino J. (ed.) (2011) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; Belshaw, J. and Purvey, D. (2010) Private Grief Public Mourning: The Rise of the Roadside Shrine in B.C.Vancouver: Anvil Press; Doss, E. (2008) The Emotional Life of Contemporary Public Memorials: Towards a Theory of Temporary Memorials. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; Maddrell, A. and Sidaway, J. D. (eds) (2010) Deathscapes: Spaces for Death, Dying, Mourning and Remembrance. Farnham, Hants: Ashgate Publishing.

3. Sanchez-Carretero, C, Cea, A, Diaz-Mas, P., Martinez, P. et Ortiz, С (2011) "On Blurred Borders and Interdisciplinary Research Teams: The Case of the Archive of Mourning'", Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 12 (3), Art. 12; CRIC Research Project, Spain: "Archive of Mourning"//YouTube. 20.07.2011.

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As the main theoretical approach to this phenomenon, we will use the concept of J. R. R. Tolkien. According to Santino, various cases of spontaneous memorialization "are equally characterized by the features of commemorating the dead, both known and unknown people; at the same time, they offer an attitude to or position on some public, social issue."4. Santino calls these two properties of spontaneous ritualism commemoration and performativity. As Santino rightly points out, the memorial and performative dimensions are not always equally present in a memorial. He suggests considering these dimensions as two poles of the practice of public memorialization of death. Accordingly, considering a series of memorials, we can rank them depending on which pole one or the other tends to.

P. J. Margry and C. Sanchez-Carretero, developing Santino's idea, believe that spontaneous memorialization is a process "in which groups of people, imaginary communities or individuals turn grief into action by creating improvised and temporary memorials in order to change or improve a particular situation."5. Thus, spontaneous memorials become a kind of platform for performing statements about certain imperfections in the state or society, and performativity itself "is an integral part of the powerful communicative potential of spontaneous memorials"6.

4. "All of these examples share the qualities of simultaneously commemorating deceased individuals, both celebrities and noncelebrities; at the same time they suggest an attitude toward or a position on a public social issue. I term these two qualities commemoration and performativity" (Santino, J. (2011) "Introduction", in Santino J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, p 1. New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

5. "Grassroots memorialization is understood as the process by which groups of people, imagined communities, or specific individuals bring grievances into action by creating an improvised and temporary memorial with the aim of changing or ameliorating a particular situation" (Margry, P.J. et Sanchez-Carretero, C. "Rethinking Memorialization. The Concept of Grassroots Memorials", in Margry, P. J. and Sanchez-Carretero, C. (eds) Grassroots Memorials. The Politics of Memorializing Traumatic Death, p. 2. New York/Oxford: Berghahn). It should be noted that the preface to the cited book contains, in our opinion, the most complete and consistent presentation of theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of spontaneous memorialization.

6. "Performativity is an inherent constituent of the strong communicative power of grassroots memorials" (Ibid., p. 3).

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Spontaneous memorials can also be considered as places of memory (lieux de memoire), in the understanding of P. Nora. According to the French researcher, the key moments of historical memory are associated with memorable places rather than with specific historical events. 7 Spontaneous memorials, in particular the memorial of HC Lokomotiv in Yaroslavl, provide material for research in this direction.

Despite the fact that spontaneous memorialization is undoubtedly one of the new forms of funeral rites, it often becomes a fact of political life to a greater extent than a fact of religious life. Indeed, purely religious artefacts often make up a minority of memorials in Russia, as well as in Europe or America. Despite the fact that the memorial partially performs functions similar to those of a cemetery, it is mainly " a means to manage emotions and experience grief or denial, instead of forming a relationship with the supernatural."8. Analyzing the case of spontaneous memorialization after the death of Princess Diana from the perspective of classical sociology of religion in the framework of the concepts of Durkheim, Marx and Weber, K. Harris comes to the conclusion that the phenomenon of mass commemoration of Diana is more correctly described not as a religious practice, but as the process of forming a new " mythological character who helps people make sense of their"9 through the prism of her life experience. We also observe this phenomenon in the texts of the spontaneous memorial in Yaroslavl described in this article.

Having compiled a typology of Russian spontaneous memorials, we come to the conclusion that the Russian tradition has specific features that significantly distinguish it from the Western one. In this article, we will show that in the Russian tradition, performative art is often used as a form of art.

7. Nora P. Between memory and history/Nation-Memory/How to write a history of France/The era of commemorations//Nora P., Ozouf M., De Puimezh J., Vinok M. "France-memory". Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg University Press, 1999, pp. 40, 79.

8. "The grassroots memorial site functions mainly as a device to manage emotions and deal with grievances and contestation, rather than to create relations with the supernatural" (Margry, P.J. et Sanchez-Carretero, C. "Rethinking Memorialization. The Concept of Grassroots Memorials", p. 24).

9. "She became a mythical figure which people found useful to help them think about their own lives and personal situations" (Harris, Ch. (1999) "Secular Religion and the Public Response to Diana's Death", in Walter, T. (ed.) The mourning for Diana, pp. 106. Oxford/New York: Berg).

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the statement that people put into a spontaneous memorial is not expressed in the content of the memorial (in texts and images), as is the case in Europe and the United States, but in the fact of creating the memorial itself. The more socially unfair the death of people or the reaction of the authorities to the tragedy seems to the participants of the practice, the more likely it is that a memorial will appear. Thus, in the Russian memorial tradition, the performative side of spontaneous ritual is realized mainly not through a verbal or visual code, but through an action code.

Typology of Spontaneous memorialization in Modern Russia

Before proceeding to the analysis of the features and genesis of the practice of creating spontaneous collective memorials in the event of the death of a large number of people in a terrorist act, plane crash, or other disasters, we will focus in more detail on the main forms of its existence in modern Russia. Currently, this practice has a well-established structure and two main subspecies.

The main content of spontaneous memorials of this kind consists of objects brought to the place of remembrance by participants in the practice of collective commemoration. It is interesting that in addition to flowers, candles, mourning ribbons and wreaths, which are a well-established form of representation of grief, some memorials include a large number of visual objects (sports attributes: pennants, flags, scarves, photos of players; children's toys; drawings, posters, texts, poems dedicated to the dead).

In some cases, a memorial is created on the site of a tragedy or in the immediate vicinity of it. Thus, for example, memorials were created at the metro stations "Park Kultury" and "Lubyanka" after the explosions of March 29, 2010.10 Such memorials may be renewed on the anniversary of the tragedy of 11 and /or 12-

10. Flowers and candles at the site of the terrorist attack at the Park Kultury station of the Moscow Metro//Wikipedia. 30.03.2010.

11. Muscovites carry flowers in the metro, where a year ago there were terrorist attacks. 29.03.2011.

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It can be placed in the form of a monument or memorial plaque (as, for example, in the underground passage on Pushkinskaya Square in Moscow 12).

In other cases, the functions of a place of remembrance are delegated to some other place, and the memorial is created at a considerable distance from the site of the tragedy itself. This usually happens in cases where the tragedy occurred in some remote or remote place from the city, which often happens when planes crash. A typical example of a memorial of this kind is the spontaneous memorial complex near the Arena 2000 stadium in Yaroslavl, created in the fall of 2011 after the death of the Lokomotiv hockey team (Yaroslavl) in a plane crash on September 7, 2011, and the spontaneous memorial in the river port of Kazan, which arose after the crash of the Bulgaria motor ship on July 10, 201113. At the same time, there may also be a memorial at the accident site itself, but it is usually smaller and maintained for a shorter time. It is interesting that the permanent memorial sign is still installed directly on the site of the tragedy, and not in a symbolic place, which was temporarily delegated memorial functions. Apparently, when choosing an alternative location for creating a memorial, the symbolic connection of the place with the dead people plays a crucial role, in addition to transport accessibility. That is why the Arena 2000 hockey stadium was chosen to create a spontaneous memorial for HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl).

Another type of delegation of the function of a place of remembrance to a place other than the place of the tragedy is spontaneous memorials that appear at the embassies of those countries in which a tragic event occurred. One of the most striking examples of this kind in recent times is the memorial complex that appeared at the Japanese Embassy in the spring of 2011 in connection with the earthquake off the east coast of Honshu Island (and March 20I), which caused a tsunami, which, in turn, led to a serious accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. It is interesting that people carried not only flowers and candles to this memorial, but also white paper cranes made in the origami technique 14.

12. Accidents and terrorist attacks in the Moscow Metro//Wikipedia. 24.04.2012.

13. See, for example: 40 days without them/yin-Kazan. 18.08.2011.

14. Currently, such paper cranes are a symbol of the fight against nuclear danger and support for people affected by it. It occurs

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At the same time, memorials can also be classified on other grounds. For example, depending on the type of tragedy that occurred. In this case, memorials that arise in connection with terrorist acts, man-made disasters and crime are clearly highlighted. This classification allows us to state that when memorials appear, a significant role is played by the factor of social injustice : the more unfair the participants in the practice think the death of people or the reaction of the state seems wrong, the more likely a memorial will appear. Thus, the starting point for the collective commemoration of Yegor Sviridov, which resulted in a mass protest of fans and nationalists on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, 15 was not so much the fact of the young man's death itself, but the fact that the alleged perpetrators of the tragedy, five natives of Dagestan, were released from the police station without good reason.16 In the case of the death of HC Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, many fans believed that the tragedy occurred due to the fact that the advantage at the airport was given to the government boards with delegations of participants of the World Political Forum 17. In this trans-

in the mid-1950s, it is associated with the death of a twelve-year-old Japanese girl, Sadako Sasaki, who received a fatal dose of radiation after the nuclear bombing of Nagasaki on August 6, 1945. For more information, see, for example: Paper cranes//Nagasaki. History and modernity.

15. The murder of Yegor Sviridov//Wikipedia. 09.04.2013; Riots on Manezhnaya Square (2010)//Wikipedia. 15.04.2013.

16. The sixth suspect, who had directly shot Sviridov, was left in the police station.

17. Allegedly, the main runway of the airport was completely given over to government boards, and the plane with the crew on board took off from the spare lane, which is twice as short and of inadequate quality. According to another version, due to the heavy traffic of the runway due to the forum, take-off had to be made from the middle of the runway. See, for example, a plane with a "Locomotive" took off from the spare lane//Lokomotiv Info. 07.09.2011.

"The tragedy that took away the entire Lokomotiv hockey team from the life and standings happened just on the opening day of the Medvedev forum, when airliners with distinguished guests were being met at the local airport. Several pilots cautiously, without names, admitted to the "Interlocutor" that the plane may have crashed due to interference that could not but cause technical devices of the special services. "See Roldugin O. "Locomotive" died because of Medvedev//"Interlocutor N37". 26.09.2011.

In addition, it should be noted that initially the match "Lokomotiv" - "Dynamo" was supposed to be held in Yaroslavl at the Arena 2000 stadium, but due to the Forum was moved to Minsk. See Fakhrutdinov R. The crashed club "Lokomotiv" flew to Minsk because of the Yaroslavl Forum//Izvestia. 7.09.2011.

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The case of UTair's plane crash in Tyumen on April 2, 201218 is very significant in the future. The airline's management promptly responded to the incident (right on the day of the tragedy), and the company paid compensation in the amount of 2 million rubles to the relatives of the victims and took over the organization and conduct of the funeral. Compensation to the victims and relatives of the victims was also paid by the authorities of the Tyumen region. A three-day mourning period was declared in the region on 19. Thus, from the point of view of society, the actions of the persons and organizations responsible for the disaster were adequate, and spontaneous memorialization did not occur in this case.20 Similarly, we have almost no cases of spontaneous memorialization of victims of natural disasters. The exception is a relatively small memorial near the representative office of the Krasnodar Territory in Moscow, which arose in connection with the severe flooding in the Kuban in July 2012. This memorial, as well as those mentioned above, has obvious protest features. Numerous volunteers who participated in the flood relief efforts harshly criticized the actions of the authorities. As a reflection of these ideas, posters with the text "Who will answer for Krymsk?" and "We wish you the courage to survive this disaster"appeared on the memorial 21.

In this sense, our material fits perfectly into the global context of the practice of creating spontaneous memorials. "People involved [in the practice of memorialization] 'grieve (mourn) in protest'... They want to draw attention to a certain social issue and convince the general public of the right to-

It should also be noted that for the first time the version that the cause of the plane crash was the holding of a World Political forum was expressed by an opposition politician, and later by the mayor of Yaroslavl Yevgeny Urlashev, which is undoubtedly a very revealing example of how the practices of spontaneous memorialization can fit into the political context. I left the United Russia party! // Blog of Evgeny Urlashev on the website of the radio station "Echo of Moscow". 11.09 - 2011.

18. In Tyumen, a passenger plane crashed during takeoff. 02.04 - 2012.

19. Relatives of those killed near Tyumen will receive compensation. // VVS Russkaya sluzhba. 02.04 - 2012.

20. PMA 2. Women. about 25 years old, b. in Tyumen, prozh. in St. Petersburg. Interview - December 2012. I also thank R. Poplavsky for his observations in Tyumen in the first days after the accident.

21. A collection point for humanitarian aid for victims in the Crimean region opened in Moscow / / gTV. 09.07.2012.

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vil-ity of your position"22. However, the Russian creators of spontaneous memorials are much less clear about explicating and articulating the performative side of their participation in this practice. We have not recorded any cases of direct reference to a certain social and /or social problem in those memorials that we have described and documented in detail. An exception is an Internet banner with the image of Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev, symbols of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl) and the inscription "You are guilty of this tragedy"23. It should be noted that we did not find any similar texts on the memorial itself in Yaroslavl.

Another possible basis for classification is based on which strata of society or social groups are affected by the event, which groups are involved in the memorialization practices themselves. In some cases, the core of the practice is clearly defined groups - sports fans and Russian nationalists, fans of Japan, etc., which may also be joined by some other people who were also affected by this tragedy for some reason. So, for example, in the case of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, the core of the practice was Lokomotiv hockey fans, but the team played a significant role in the image of the city's identity and, as a result, a significant part of the city's population participated in the commemoration practices.

Whether a tragic event will become a reason for creating a spontaneous city memorial largely depends on how much publicity this event will cause in the media. Another important factor is the presence of a certain community that has a strong emotional connection with the deceased. For example, for the creation of the memorial at the Japanese Embassy in Moscow, which was mentioned above, it was important to have groups of fans of anime, ikebana, origami, bonsai and in general Japanese culture and the East. And for the creation of a memorial associated with HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl), - communities of fans of this team. The creation of a memorial at the site of the murder of Yegor Sviridov on December 6, 2012, affected two groups at once-football fans and Russian nationalists.

22. "The people involved are "mourning in protest" ... They want to draw attention to a social issue and convince a broad public of the accuracy of their position to it" (Santino, J. Introduction, P. 2).

23. Publication of 11.09.2011 in the group" ===Loco-We remember,, love,,, grieve... = = = "//Social network VKontakte. 11.09 - 2011.

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A distinctive feature of spontaneous urban memorials is also the large number of handwritten texts that participants of this practice bring to them. These are mostly poetic texts, small epitaphs, or a short formula text (usually " We remember. We love you. We grieve"24).

Other distinctive features of spontaneous memorials are the short period (from several hours to a day) between the tragedy and the appearance of the memorial and the lack of a clear organizational structure. People independently come to a certain place with flowers and candles. Thus, the memorial is a place of immediate public response to the tragedy, a place around which the spontaneous cohesion of society in the face of the tragedy is represented.25
In addition, we note that memorials, as a rule, appear immediately after the tragedy and reach their peak by the time of the funeral. Thus, they become the locus sanctioned by tradition, in which people who are not close relatives of the victims and therefore do not participate directly in the preparation of the funeral, can express their grief and involvement in connection with the tragedy that occurred in the first years of their life.,

24. In the texts recorded by us at the XK Lokomotiv memorial (Yaroslavl) near the Arena 2000 stadium, this formula occurs 40 times (PMA). For comparison, the text "Eternal Memory" was recorded only 16 times (PMA). It is particularly interesting that the number of different variants of the team name used in memorial texts is comparable to the formula " Love. We remember. We grieve." The full name "Locomotive" is used 27 times, and the abbreviated "Loco" - 46 (PMA).

25. According to American researchers Allen, Leimer, and Lowery, spontaneous memorials have the following characteristics: (1) lack of formal organization, which allows participants to act individually; (2) appearing not in a place prescribed for expressing grief, but in a place that is associated with the deceased; (3) being able to express grief to outsiders; (4) an eclectic mix of traditionally brought items, religious and secular paraphernalia, and personal items that relate to the circumstances of death or the deceased himself; (5) a reflection of emotions such as anger or vulnerability, which may be present but are not usually expressed in traditional funeral rituals; (6) boundless by cultural norms, which determine the duration of ritual actions or mourning; (7) shifting attention from the victim to the social and cultural implications of his or her death. (Allen, H. C., Leimer, C. et Lowery, J. (1997) "Spontaneous Memorialization: Violent Death and Emerging Mourning Ritual", Omega 35 (2): 162). (Quoted by Goldstein, D. E. and Tye D. (2011) "'The Call of the Ice': Tragedy and Vernacular Responses of Resistance, Heroic Reconstruction, and Reclamation", in SantinoJ. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, p. 252. New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

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the most difficult days 26. After the funeral, this function is partially taken over by the burial (grave) in the cemetery. However, the main memorial also continues to be maintained. According to the results of our analysis of the memorial complex of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl), objects and texts brought to the graves of players are more personal, even intimate in nature, most of them were also brought by people who did not know the victims personally.

It should be noted that memorials have their own internal dynamics, which correlates with the traditional memorial cycle of Russian people. In some cases, memorialization in a reduced form continues throughout the calendar year. So, during the inspection of the Arena 2000 stadium on May 1, 2013 (that is, one year and almost 8 months after the tragic death of Lokomotiv players) we found a small memorial with flowers and candles on the left side of the stadium's front wall.

Participation in memorialization practices is a significant subcultural marker, which, on the one hand, unites the group that is the core of this memorialization practice, and on the other, allows its members to clearly divide others into "friends" and "strangers", those who took part in the creation of the memorial, and those who remained aloof from it. what's happening.

It is worth noting that some spontaneous memorials have an important social therapeutic function28. To the greatest extent, this applies to memorials that arise in connection with terrorist acts in the metro. Since the metro is the main, alternative means of transportation for many Muscovites, they experience each terrorist act as their own death, which they are forced to commit.

26. См. также: Allen, H.C., Leimer, C. et Lowery, J. (1997) "Spontaneous Memorialization: Violent Death and Emerging Mourning Ritual", p. 162.

27. For example, the mass media record an increase in activity at memorials on the 9th and 40th days after the death and on the anniversary. See, for example: 9 days without Lokomotiv//Electronic periodical "MK.ru 15.09.2011; Veligzhanina A. September 15-9 days of the Locomotive's demise//Komsomolskaya Pravda. 15.09.2011; Buzaladze A. "Lokomotiv": 40 days//Russia 1.Vesti nedelya. 16.10.2011; Milosdavsky M. "Bulgaria": 40 days from the day of the crash.//Komsomolskaya Pravda. 18.08.2011.

28. For spontaneous memorials as a culturally determined way of expressing grief and grief therapy, see Westgaard, H. (2011) "'Like a trace': The Spontaneous Shrine as a Cultural Expression of Grief", in Santino J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, pp. 147 - 176.

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miraculously passed. In this case, we may be dealing with one of the types of typical reactions in stressful situations 29 - activism or paradoxical action. Confirmation of this interpretation requires additional research using psychological methods, which is beyond the scope of our work. As can be seen from the above, the practices of spontaneous memorialization can go far beyond the limits of funeral and memorial discourse. Often, participants in memorialization introduce political, social, or subcultural groups of meanings.

The case of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl

In this article, we will consider in detail the case of creating a spontaneous memorial near the Arena 2000 stadium in Yaroslavl, which arose after the death of the Lokomotiv hockey team (Yaroslavl).

The YAK-42D plane with the crew on board crashed on September 7, 2011 near Yaroslavl immediately after takeoff from Tunoshna Airport. There were 45 people on board: 37 passengers and 8 crew members. 43 people died on the spot; hockey player Alexander Galimov died in hospital and only flight engineer Alexander Sizov survived 30.

A spontaneous memorial near the team's home stadium - Arena 2000-begins to form in the first hours after the information about the incident is received. It should be noted that the plane crash coincided with the opening day of the International Political Forum, which was held in Yaroslavl on the territory of the Arena 2000 stadium. Forum participants also took part in memorial events. Here is how one of the Forum participants describes what happened:

In the middle of the event, the tragedy was announced. When we went outside, the fans started to gather. On the left wall (of the stadium. - A. S.) - table, wreaths, photos, flowers. It was about an hour after the message. We also carried flowers. Medvedev also laid flowers. Fans chanted chants, there were

29. Psychodynamic reactions in stressful moments in psychology are sometimes called coping reactions. For more information, see Langle A. What drives a person? Existential-analytical theory of emotions, Moscow: Genesis, 2006, p. 123.

30. Plane crash near Yaroslavl on September 7, 2011//Wikipedia. 24.03.2013.

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leaders who were followed by everyone else. About 40 people. They were facing the tables of photographs. People did not disperse, new ones were constantly coming up. Late in the afternoon, the streets were in turmoil. It was already dark, and a column of fans - about 1,000 people-moved along the main street across the city. Because of them, the movement plan of Forum participants had to be changed. Among the people who came to the Arena were mostly teenagers and girls. They brought scarves, candles, flowers, T-shirts, photos. They didn't draw or write anything at the Arena 31.

The mourning events were held at the highest level - they were attended by President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, who was at the Forum that day, and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, who was not at the Forum and apparently came to Yaroslavl specifically for this purpose.

The team was flying to the match with Dinamo Minsk, which was scheduled to take place on September 8. In Minsk, mourning events were also held at the presidential level.32 The match was not canceled, instead a requiem concert was held, tickets were not handed in, tickets for the concert were bought. The requiem match consisted of several parts: first, the choir sang the requiem, then the hockey players of Dynamo (Minsk) symbolically scored a puck into their own goal, and the "presidential team" led by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko and his son Nikolai laid a bouquet of flowers at the Lokomotiv gate 33. In front of the stadium a spontaneous memorial 34 also emerged.

All this was covered in the media, and, undoubtedly, a wide response increased interest in the tragedy. However, the main factor, apparently, was the presence of a subculture of fans who spontaneously reacted to what happened.

The characteristic features of this memorial, in addition to the spontaneity and lack of institutionalization of its creation, are, firstly, the fact that in this case the functions of a place of remembrance are delegated to another place and the memorial is created on a significant basis.-

31. PMA 2. Male, 28 years old, Moscow. 07.09.11 was in Yaroslavl at the World Political Forum. Interview - November 2012.

32. Loko remembered in Minsk//Газета.ги. 8.09.2011.

33. The full video recording of the requiem concert is available at: Evening Requiem in memory of the Lokomotiv team Minsk-Arena / / YouTube. ru. 08.09.2011.

34. See, for example: Minsk residents carry flowers to the stadium where Lokomotiv was supposed to play / / RIA-Novosti. 08.09.2011.

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at a reasonable distance from the site of the tragedy itself. At the same time, a memorial is also being created at the accident site itself - at Tunoshna Airport, but it is smaller and obviously attracts less attention than the memorial at the Arena 2000 stadium. It should be noted that a permanent memorial sign is still installed directly on the site of the plane crash, and not in a symbolic place to which memorial functions were temporarily delegated. Apparently, when choosing an alternative location for creating a memorial, the symbolic connection of the place with the dead people plays a crucial role, in addition to transport accessibility. That is why the Arena 2000 hockey stadium was chosen to create a spontaneous memorial for HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl). In addition, after the funeral, a memorial is also created in the cemetery.

Note that the functions of the memory location were also delegated to very distant places. So, similar memorials were created in Omsk 35 (where one of the players was from), Riga 36 (near the Russian Embassy and the stadium), Ivanovo 37 (in this case, the railway station was chosen as a symbolic place of memory, apparently by analogy with Lokomotiv), Magnitogorsk 38, Ufa 39, St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg 40, Kazan 41, Mytishchi 42, Tolyatti 43, Grodno 44, Astana 45 and New Jersey 46.

A characteristic feature of the memorials of the first days after the tragedy described above is the almost complete absence of handwritten texts. The only exception to this rule is short ones

35. How the memory of Lokomotiv was honored in the hockey centers of the country, tribuna.sports.ru 06.09.2012.

36. Ibid.

37. Action in memory of HC "Lokomotiv" in Ivanovo / / Ivanovo BitTorent tracker. 2011. Event page in the social network In Contact: Memory promotion.//Social network In Contact. 2011. The promotion was approved by the railway station administration.

38. How the memory of Lokomotiv was honored in the hockey centers of the country.

39. Ibid.

40. Just at the Yubileyny Sports Complex. Saint-Petersburg//Shaibushaibu. 13.09.2011.

41. How the memory of Lokomotiv was honored in the hockey centers of the country.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Grodno commemorates hockey players who died//Grodno Blog S13.ru. 9.09.2011.

45. How the memory of Lokomotiv was honored in the hockey centers of the country.

46. No author (2011) "The Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Memorial at Championship Plaza in Newark", In Lou We Trust, a New Jersey Devils community. 10 September.

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texts like " 07.09.2011. We remember. We love you. We grieve", " 07.09.2011. Let's not forget", however, is also extremely small. In the first days after the tragedy, in addition to flowers and candles, the content of memorials was limited to scarves with the emblems of 47 sports teams, a group photo of the team and the emblem of the 48 team. Numerous texts that we recorded during the inspection of the memorial on October 22, apparently appeared a few days later. This significantly distinguishes this memorial from the memorials of September 2001 in New York and Washington and March 2004 in Madrid, described by our American and Spanish colleagues, 49 where handwritten texts appear in the first hours after the tragedy: "The first commemorations were written in the dust and ruins - on the hoods of cars, one word: "Pray" " 50. The only memorial dedicated to the "Locomotive", which, apparently, originally included texts, is the memorial in New Jersey mentioned above, which also confirms a certain difference between the domestic and American practices of spontaneous memorialization of the year 5.

47. Not only XK Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl).

48. Usually - in the center of the memorial.

49. См., например: Yocom, M. R (2011) "'We'll Watch Out for Liza and The Kids': Spontaneous Memorials and Personal Response at the Pentagon, 2001", in Santino, J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, pp. 57 - 98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; Zeitlin, S. (2011) "Oh Did You See the Ashes Come Thickly Falling down & Poems Posted in the Wake of September 11", in Santino, J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, pp. 99 - 118. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; Sanchez-Carrretero, C. (2011) "Trains of Workers, Train of Death: Some Reflections after the March 11 Attacks in Madrid", in Santino, J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Death, pp. 333 - 348. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

50. "A first memorials written in the dust and debris-on a car hood, a single word: "Pray"" (Zetlin, S. "Oh Did you see the ashes come thickly falling down? Poems posted in the wake of September 11", p. 101).

51. Unfortunately, the photographs of this memorial available in open sources do not allow us to decipher the content of the texts. Also noteworthy is the fact that the key symbol of the memorial in New Jersey was hockey pucks, which were practically absent in Russian memorials. At the same time, there were no fan scarves in the American memorial, which are so numerous in the domestic material.

We also note a curious detail here. The spontaneous memorial at the US Embassy in Moscow in memory of the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing on April 15, 2013 reproduced more American and European traditions in creating memorials than Russian ones. So, on the second day after the tragedy, sheets of paper with the inscriptions "The youth of Moscow grieves" appeared at the embassy.

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We examined the memorial in Yaroslavl on October 22, 2011, that is, on the forty-fifth day after the plane crash. At that time, the memorial was located along the southern and western walls of the stadium. The memorial space can be divided into several zones that differ in the composition of their objects (Figure 1).

Several zones of "official" memorialization, created, apparently, by the administration of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl), are clearly distinguished. These are banners with portraits of dead players and team personnel (zones 1, 3), billboards with posters depicting three burning candles on a black background (zone 14), flags at half-mast and black ribbons on flagpoles in the square in front of the stadium (zone 8).

The boundary zone between the "official" and spontaneous memorialization is the tables at the corner of the "Arena" (zone 9). Installed by the team administration, they belong to the "official", authorized memorialization zone, but the items placed on them were brought by the participants spontaneously, and the memorials on the tables are not separated from the memorials on the walls and on the floor. This area, together with the adjacent y area, where most of the flowers are located, is a kind of core of the memorial. A separate, separate zone is Zone 5, which is made up of hundreds of " fan " scarves tied to turnstiles. The bins between the turnstiles are filled with empty beer bottles.

The rest of the memorial's zones can be divided into middle and peripheral ones. The middle zones are zones 10 and 11, which are located along the entire side wall of the stadium and include funeral wreaths, photos of players, flags, scarves, texts, stickers on the stadium wall and on the ground next to it.

Peripheral areas include a small memorial on the right side of the Arena 2000 facade (zone 4), " fan " scarves and baseball caps on the fence (zone 13), and black ribbons on the fence.-

together with the American people", (ПМА 3 IMAG1451), "WE CARE! Russians" (PMA 3 IMAG1453), " Praying for Boston "(PMA 3 IMAG1455). These texts, which are completely out of character for Russian memorials, are absolutely typical of the Western tradition and almost verbatim repeat some of the texts given by Cristina Sanchez-Carretero when describing the memorial at the Atocha train station in Madrid after the March 11, 2004 terrorist attack: "We are with Spain"," We cry for Spain " (Sanchez-Carrretero, C. "Trains of Workers, Train of Death: Some Reflections after the March 11 Attacks in Madrid", p. 339). However, such texts were isolated, and the memorial in Moscow mostly consisted of roses and carnations.

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re, stickers on poles, wax on the lawn (zone 12) and black ribbons on the fence around the stadium (zone 15).

An interesting feature of the memorial is the large number of 52 plush toys. Usually, toys are brought to the memorial if children were killed in the tragedy that led to the creation of the memorial. In this case, all the victims were adult men, whose professional affiliation clearly emphasizes their muscularity and masculinity. The specific reason that prompted participants in this practice to bring plush toys to the memorial is not entirely clear. At the moment, we have two hypotheses that explain this fact. On the one hand, among the Lokomotiv fans who came to the Arena 2000 stadium, there were a significant number of girls and girls who often consider plush toys as a sign of tender, touching love. Perhaps they were the ones who brought the toys to the stadium as a sign of their affection for the young, attractive and successful men who died in the accident. In this case, in the Yaroslavl memorial, toys characterize the addressee, the person who brings things, and not the addressee (that is, the dead), as is usually the case. On the other hand, figure skating has a well-established tradition of throwing flowers and plush toys on the ice after the skaters ' performance. Sometimes the same thing is done at the end of hockey matches53.

"We are not clear about the tragic motive of fate/Goodbye Lokomotiv hockey club... " 54.

Texts on the memorial

Another characteristic feature of this memorial is a significant number of texts without attribution, which fans of the hockey team brought to the Arena 2000 stadium. All texts can be divided into two groups. Tek-

52. Об игрушках в американских мемориалах см., например: Grider, S. (2011) "Twelve Aggie Angels: Content Analysis of the Spontaneous Shrines Following the 1999 Bonfire Collapse at Texas A&M University", in Santino, J. (ed.) Spontaneous Shrines and the Public Memorialization of Deathmz, p. 223. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

53. See, for example: The audience threw soft toys on the ice. During the match of the Sverdlovsk hockey team "Sputnik" / / Evening Vedomosti. Daily newspaper. 21.01.2013; What do they throw on the ice in the NHL? / / HC Toros, ru 07.04.2012. It should be noted that in both cases we are talking about charity.

54.img_2653 email address.

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small signs that differ in formality and typical designs, are repeated throughout the memorial space, and contain author signatures. Large texts are most often poems that do not indicate authorship and do not repeat themselves. It should be noted that all these texts were created specifically on the occasion of the tragedy. Most of the texts are written by hand. The largest text on this memorial was a poem on 21 pages of A4 format, written by hand in one handwriting, containing 648 lines of verse 55. Some texts are quoted inside the memorial 56, others are quoted in the media 57. Of particular interest are large texts that are repeated several times in different places of the memorial. For example, one of the texts is present once on the memorial near the Arena 58 and in several places in the cemetery 59. In all cases, this is text written in the same handwriting, on A4 sheets, in a transparent file. It should also be noted that some of the large poetic texts posted on the memorial without attribution later appeared on the Internet (in the Book of Memory on the website of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl) and on poetry forums).60. Attention is drawn to the fact that,

55. PMA img_2631, img_2611, img_2612, img_2613, img_2614, img_2615, img_2616, img_2617, img_2618, img_2619, img_2620, img_262l, img_2622, img_2623, img_2624, img_2625, img_2626, img_2627, img_2628, img_2629, img_2630.

56. For example, the following stanza:

"You'd better look in the blue sky,
no matter what country you're looking from,
Real men play hockey,
They play as long as we remember..."

Initially, this is a fragment of text on a printed poster dedicated to Alexander Vasyunov (PMA img_268s), located in zone 6 (Fig. 1). In another place of the memorial, in zone D, we find this fragment written by hand on a separate sheet of paper (PMA img_2707). 57 - For example: "To a person who is a human being, far from sports, it is difficult to imagine the shock that Yaroslavl is in. On the square in front of the Lokomotiv Arena, there is a meter-long layer of flowers and an inscription on the wall: "They don't fly so low anymore." A hint of the angelic nature of the dead." Skobeyda U Friends of the captain of the "Locomotive" Tkachenko who died in a plane crash: "Vanya did good as he breathed!" / / Komsomolskaya Pravda. 28.09.2011.

58.img_2672 email address.

59. PMA img_2768, img_2766, img_2779. img_2785.

60. For example: Poems in memory!!!//Yaroslavl. New social network of the city of Yaroslavl. 2012; Book of Memory. 07/09/2011//Lokomotiv Hockey Club (Yaroslavl). 2011 - 2013. At the moment, the Memory Book contains 1073 pages and is regularly updated.

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that when publishing texts on the Internet, authors avoid anonymity and often indicate not nicknames, but the real names of users.

Considering the content of memorial texts, we can distinguish several main themes and images, among which, undoubtedly, hockey and the locomotive depicted on the club's logo are dominant. The theme of flight is also extremely important for the creators of the memorial. At the same time, the flight is connected not only with the fact that the team crashed in a plane crash, but also with the image of hockey players "flying" on the ice and with the traditional image of a soul flying to the sky.

We also note a number of traditional motifs for the Russian memorial tradition.

Some authors tend to look for a mystical cause of the tragedy. For some, it is a kind of atoning sacrifice for the sinfulness of earthly life as a whole.62 Others cite as a specific reason the holiday in mourning time - holding a lavish Political forum almost on the 10th anniversary of the events of September 11, 200163. And as a result - " Lightning fast! Urgently! Without a hitch - / Forum-in the world wake! "(PMA img_2628). Many fans of Lokomotiv consider the death of team 64 to be their fault.

61. For example: Poems in memory!!! //Yaroslavl. New social network of the city of Yaroslavl. 2012.

62. " They were too good a team to play in this sinful land... He took the best of the best..."(PMA img_259 2); "A promise to take in all the best - /In order to avoid suffering the worst? (img_2617 email address).

63. Jubilee and Forum - in September./(American Jubilee Bede!)/Both wrote, and warned- / To be more delicately in September!/The main neighbors on the planet/And for everything (behind the scenes) all in the answer/"Celebrate" in the time of mourning!/(naughty, earthlings, tribe)/Do not invite Trouble to yourself!/In this very "bitter September"!/ They say that it can be bad for us to "haggle"!/(Isn't that what Loko paid for?!)/We did not heed the terrible call/The city was driven into agony for nothing?!)/Black day on September 7!/September 11 day!/And now we're all in the same Hole./At One Trouble at the very bottom./Paid for "non-solidarity"?/For the "non-compassion" of Lily's tears?/There Are Riddles! Everything is inexplicable!/(we pass by with a proud head)/Like different phenomena all around./Just-Fatal coincidences?!/(Skyscrapers. Also-planes. /Also - pilots crash.

Envy of saddened hearts..?/(The losers and the plaintiff are united)/A double - edged sword on the ground./Don't care about other people's hearts?/Did we pay for the "incorrectness"?/(So that doveku don't forget the Date?!)/A disagreement is a disagreement./The sun is burning for everyone-for good luck!/And now - Everything is the Same for everyone!/Equally-Time for commemoration! (img_2627 EMAIL ADDRESS)

64. I'm sorry that we didn't save you/And your Parnassus became timeless (img_2612 PM); Framed inscription: "I'm sorry that we didn't save you" (img_2662 PM); "The alignment of fate... Sorry to her, guys, that you didn't play your match in Minsk

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It is interesting that the participants of the memorial practices did not draw numerous, natural parallels in this situation between the tragic death of Lokomotiv and similar tragedies that occurred earlier with other sports teams. 65 The only text that mentions these teams describes the match between Lokomotiv and VVS, which will take place in heaven.:

you./Who is to blame?! Why argue about it?.. Who to jail, who to fire??? Laughter!/For all people there is one big grief, but the fault, probably, is on everyone... (PMA img_2685).

65. On 4 May 1949, a plane carrying a team from the Torino football club crashed while landing in Turin. 31 people were killed, including players, club representatives, journalists and crew members.

On January 5, 1950, a plane carrying the VVSMVO hockey team crashed while landing at the Sverdlovsk airport. All those on board - 13 crew members and 6 crew members-were killed.

On February 6, 1958, while taking off from Munich airport, a plane carrying the Manchester United team, the English football champions, crashed. Of the 44 people on board, 23 were killed, including eight football players and two coaches. 9 players and the head coach of the team survived.

On August 11, 1979, a plane carrying the team of FC Pakhtakor crashed near Dnepropetrovsk as a result of a collision with another side. 14 team players, an administrator, a second coach and a doctor were killed. Interestingly, the team "Pakhtakor", as well as "Lokomotiv", flew to Minsk for the match with the Minsk "Dynamo". A monument at the site of the tragedy was installed only in 2009 (The worst tragedy of football in 30 years//Online newspaper Days. <url> 11.08.2009).

For more information, see: Tragedies in the sky: How sports teams died.//Today.ua. 23.09.2011.

66. Compare a similar motif in the memorial text and on the Internet:

"Alas, the star team was gone in an instant,
And the higher forces only received one silent reproach.
Isn't that enough for the sky League,
Teams from Tashkent "Pakhtakor"?!

You made us happy with your art,
And don't disappear from people's memories.
Only after a time of rage and pain feelings,
They will be diluted with a yearning that hurts our soul.

And every time, it doesn't matter-in Prague, Minsk, Riga,
Honk at hearing such a familiar tune.
We'll know that in the sky league as well
Everyone is being crushed by our Lokomotiv !

(#127282//Pearls of Thought. 12.09.2011).

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May the Lord hear our prayers,
And let the Cup of Heaven begin,
Waiting in Paradise for you hockey battles
And your opponent is the Air Force Club.
There you will be met by Bobrov and Tarasov,
And they'll send you straight to the training camp
Cherepanov and Kharlamov at once
Let them join your strong team.
They will fight, not sparing themselves,
In Yaroslavl they are loved and waited for
Quick Marek will give it to Saley,
And the stands will roar in ecstasy!
Be, of course, in the first place for you,
And you won't know anything else since then,
In the stands of "Torino", "Manchester",
You will also be supported by the Pakhtakor club 67...

It should be noted that Pakhtakor and Manchester United teams themselves expressed their condolences over the tragic death of Lokomotiv 68.

At the same time, the very image of the heavenly battle of the invincible Yaroslavl squad is one of the most popular motifs in memorial texts.69 In the poems of fans, the team appears as a real squad of ancient heroes, strong and noble warriors. Interestingly, the team is almost completely depersonalized and only two of its players are called by their first names. They are team captain Ivan Tkachenko and forward Alexander Galimov. In the first case, this is largely due to the anonymous charity work of the hockey player, which became known only after his death. In the second case, Galimov died five days later than the other players. The memorial clearly shows two temporary layers - the motivating one

67.img_2596 email address.

68. How the memory of Lokomotiv was honored in the hockey centers of the country.

69. "You took off, but you didn't fall/You are alive in our hearts/You are our stars/And your team/Playing already in the Sky! "(PMA img_2769); "You better take a closer look: in the sky is blue/no matter what country to watch from)/Real men play hockey/they play as long as we remember..."(PMA img_2683); " In chants, songs and hearts/Monument to yourself low tide, / Gone to play in heaven/Our native Locomotive " (PMA img_2596).

70. Beauty of the epic sample. / The nobility of knight's hearts (PMA img_2616).

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Alexander Galimov fighting for the life of 71 and explaining his death in hospital. In the latter case, some authors note the selfishness of their desires, understand that with 90% of burns to the body and respiratory tract, Galimov, even if he survived, would have remained the most severely disabled person, 72 others, and most of them, consider his death to be natural, since the team that was united, played, monolithic on Earth, should remain so and in Heaven. Moreover, an incomplete team is not allowed to enter paradise, and it is waiting for the last player, who always left last in his lifetime.73 They were not only the honor and hallmark"Vanyukha Tkachenko, you stood, you stand and you will stand as a wall for the Yaroslavl father! "(PMA img_2790)75. Moreover, in the eyes of individual authors hockey players even become new martyrs.:

If forcibly-then killed?
(They took with them the secrets of the hidden...)
Slain - no-wo-mu-che-ni-ki?

71. " Sasha, dear, we are with you! You just live!!! Get well, we need you, we're waiting for you!" (img_2595 email address); " Sasha Galimov,/Please live!!!/Live your team!!!/There is only one hope for you "(img_2654 PM); " It's a shame, painful, sad and hard.../Everything burned down, cruelly, not beautifully,/But dreams, brothers, remains Sasha- / The last of that Locomotive! "(PMA img_2664); "My heart is dreary and heavy,/And it's not cozy in Yaroslavl, it's bad for everyone,/Only Sasha was left alive,/And there were thirty-seven of them in the team."(PMA img_2664), etc.

72. " People! Please be happy for Sasha!/His lot could be just plain scary!/Clearly, Rock wouldn't let them play again./Do you want to take away your life again? "(PMA img_2614)

73. " Sashenka, forgive us... now you're all together... rest in peace, dear " (PMA img_2667); "And now the Team is fully assembled,/Escaped from hell-up, out into the wild:/Friends have a vow to always be together/Devoted as a bridegroom to his bride" (PMA img_2614); "He left us with the last battle./So that even there-to walk with the team in formation..." (PMA img_2615); "The last one always left/From the plane's landing/bypassing water, ice/through pain/to the team [nedb] team/through pain and sorrow/[nezd] We remember, we love/Our Sasha/Our Hero!!!" (PMA img_2662).

74. Business card for grad!/To all fans, the highest award! (img_2611 email address).

75. Compare also: The secrets of the World are commanded to be known./ Save the lives of your relatives by prayer/<...> Know paves us /The Way! /Yes. The only one ,the one / that-to God! (PMA img_2622); We have a New Intercessor/before God. / (Who-ra-du-em-xia)?/Who-rejoice ... quietly, without / embellishment - / Here an Angel lived / recently / among us. < ... > In the vast expanses of God./You are the [city/world] nezdb / Reliable Help. img_2626 email address).

76. Cf. the process of mythologizing Princess Diana, considered by Cr. Harris: Harris, Ch. Secular Religion and the Public Response to Diana's Death, p. 106.

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(All) before God are we-raz-lu-chen-niki?
Much - for them-to say goodbye to the city?77

The death of a team also becomes an important factor in the formation and maintenance of urban identity.

For Yaroslavl for the motherland for the faith
For Yaroslavl For Loko For victory
Always ready for battle for Yaroslavl
For Yaroslavl we are forever with you!!!!78

One of our young respondents, when asked why he comes to the Lokomotiv memorial at the scene of the accident in Tunoshna, replied: "We don't have anything else!"79. As it turned out later, this young man has never been to matches involving Lokomotiv and is not a fan of hockey at all.80
Apparently, the appearance of such a large memorial after the death of the team was a surprise even for the participants of the spontaneous memorialization practice. In this regard, the creation of the memorial is repeatedly reflected in the poems brought to the Arena 2000:

The whole city is grieving, not hiding its tears.
All those who shouted "Forward" to them are grieving,
We all grieve, knowing only one thing,
Our LOCO won't come to us on the ice any more.

And the city is plunged into a momentary silence
and a black ribbon marks the edge
We won't say goodbye to the guys
Today, only a bitter "goodbye!"is heard.81.

77.img_2620 email address.

78.img_2606 email address.

79. PMA 2. Male, about 16 years old, interview - May 1, 2013 Tunoshna.

80. Wed.: I didn't attend any games./But the Tragedy-all scorched! (img_2616 email address). It should be noted that these lines are included in the largest author's text in the entire memorial. Thus, the intensity of participation in memorial practices is not proportional to the real passion of people for hockey.

81. PMA img_2654-See also: "Palace Arena".

Darkened our ancient city at once./(Here the inept tale is powerless)/The Palace-Arena became the mausoleum/Between life and between death - "scene".../<...> 36 tra-

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As can be seen from the examples given above, the memorial dimension in the memorial practices dedicated to Lokomotiv players is fully expressed in the texts brought by the team's fans to the memorial. It should be noted, however, that texts of strictly religious content appear on memorials very rarely. So, on the memorial near the Arena 2000 stadium there was only one text of this kind - prayer 82. In addition to the texts, the memorial dimension is revealed through a rather narrow segment of stereotypical objects that are brought to the memorial. These are candles, red carnations, wreaths; rarely-icons. Of particular interest is the photo of the Reedus agency, which shows the march of Lokomotiv fans to the Arena 2000 stadium on the day of the tragedy.

gedius in an instant!!/In an exorbitant mountain, the city slumped./Everyone was shackled by an irresistible shock. / Life was incinerated by an ominous fate./The city has become a tightrope./In everyone's eyes - September and tears [nezd]/All eyes-on one single note/And my thoughts are all in tragic overflight. (img_2612 email address).

"The Wailing Wall"

Thousands and thousands with flowers./Wreaths spread out in an instant,/The square is flooded with a sea of flowers,/Drowned in an unshed look.../Flowers already - in human full growth!/A "churchyard" has been built around the "Palace"./There's not a single carnation in the city anymore!/Armfuls of vanilla roses were being bought./Never-ending pain - the wailing wall/Goodbye, joy-lips whisper, crying./Candles, memorial notes,/Children's playful bears/Children give what is closer to the heart/in whom the door was knocked/The stream of people floated endlessly/And the general sigh was silent.../The city has run out of flowers!/To buy them is a problem [nezdb].../No emotions. A scorched field./Everyone was overwhelmed by a common grief./People walked like somnambulists,/Realizing-the end! There will be no mercy!/Exclaimed leitmotif - " Loco!", / Often here someone was bad./The boys were losing consciousness,/Doctors hurried anxiously to them/The boys were taken away by ambulance,/Where sometimes on the road - "left".../To them, loved ones, irrevocable. To Them!/The city is full of extreme sports/Tunoshna, "Arena" is full of umbrellas/The city of tears shed - to blindness!../The whole city was orphaned - from young to old!/(someday it will be presented-evidence!!)/In the most depressing moments- / Stormy squall! Applause thundered/Their sound drowned out the sirens ' howl, / Together creating an eerie formation./So they saw off the glorious masters/Eloquent sound is stronger than words/Children, young people, different faces..../May God grant them the strength to say goodbye forever ... (PMA img_2612, img_2613). "The only sound was a universal groan./Flags with a black ribbon are everywhere./The streets are suddenly in a silent void..."(img_2615 email address). "Is this how we will be escorted,/Fill the whole square with tears?"(img_2621 email address).

82. "Prayer for Repose"

O Lord, rest the souls of your departed servants: Vitaly, Mikhail, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Alexander, Andrey, Nikita, Sergey, Ruslan, Pavel, Daniel, Ivan, Pavel, Daniel, Ivan, Pavel, Gennady, Maxim, Artem, Yuri, Andrey, Vladimir, Alexander, Nikolai, Alexander, Igor, Evgeny, Yuri, and Vyacheslav. Forgive all their sins, both voluntary and involuntary, and grant them the Kingdom of Heaven.

Eternal memory "(PMA img_2695).

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It is clearly visible that sports fans copy the structure of the funeral procession, at the head of which they carry an icon. In this case, the icon is the team's logo with flowers and a black mourning ribbon 83.

An analysis of the items brought to the Arena 2000 allows us to distinguish several classes among them, each of which represents a certain group of participants in the practices of collective commemoration, the pragmatics of participation, addressing and internal connections. The memorial under consideration clearly shows a group of artifacts that are semantically related to sports and the fan movement. At the same time, among them there are sports symbols of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl), as well as other clubs and sports disciplines. The former seem to symbolize the connection between the fans of this particular team and the deceased players, while the latter represent the solidarity of sports fans of other teams with fans of HC Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. Thus, we see two multidirectional vectors of addressing - from "the living to the dead" and from "the living to the living".

Final comments

In this article, we briefly considered the main features of spontaneous memorialization in modern Russian culture and analyzed in detail the case of memorialization of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl). The phenomenon of spontaneous memorialization is an interesting ethnographic material and requires clear documentation, which is the subject of this work. Based on this documentation, we can see that the information obtained in this way is of interest for a wide range of problems. However, it seems to us that the development of theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of spontaneous memorialization requires a larger number of well-documented cases.

The detailed documentation of the Yaroslavl memorial allows us to conclude that this case is on a par not only with the numerous memorials in Russia, but also with the thoroughly documented European and American spontaneous memorials. Unfortunately, at the moment we do not have detailed documentation on other Russian memorials, which does not allow us to establish a specific range.

83. I thank O. B. Khristoforova and D. I. Antonov for these considerations.

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similarities and differences between acts of spontaneous memorialization in Russia and compare them with their foreign counterparts.

Despite the fact that we have examined in detail the memorial to Lokomotiv at the Arena 2000 stadium, it should be noted that we have considered only a part of the spontaneous practices associated with Lokomotiv. Spontaneous memorialization in many cases is not limited to creating a memorial in a place associated with the victims, but is also implemented in numerous online forms. These can include memorial groups in social networks 84 or individual memorial sites, forums, and memory books, as well as author's memorial videos posted on video hosting sites 85, and other examples of online creativity. The question of the correlation between spontaneous memorial practices in real life and on the Internet requires a separate study.

It should also be noted that spontaneous practices are sometimes followed by institutional ones, that is, those deliberately initiated by the state or its individual representatives. The range of these practices is also very wide and, like spontaneous practices, they are timed to coincide with a particular period of the funeral and memorial cycle. This may include organizing funerals and covering funeral expenses from the regional / federal budget, installing an official memorial sign by the authorities - at the cemetery and / or place of death, or including memorial events dedicated to the deceased in the annual cycle of officially celebrated dates - at the federal or regional level.

In the case of the memorialization of Lokomotiv, the institutionalization" from above "is synchronized with the spontaneous initiative"from below". The spontaneous practices of the first days were attended not only by fans of the team and ordinary citizens, but also by representatives of city authorities and even top officials of Russia and representatives of a number of states that participated in the World Political Forum 86. The funerals of the players were organized jointly by the administration of HC Lokomotiv and the city authorities. The farewell ceremony was held in the ice palace "Arena 2000", and the mourning ceremony was held in Moscow.-

84. So, only in the social network In Contact registered 970 groups of memory HC "Locomotive" (Yaroslavl). (Search for communities for the query "Locomotive" remember//In Contact. - 6.06.2013).

85. For example: Roma PRESS-LOKO N1 / / YouTube. 20.09.2011; Maks Bykov Lokomotiv. Let's go, flv. 1//YouTube. 14.10.2011; Atum-White Shadows (Loko R. I. P.). / / YouTube. 24.09.2011.

86. Sozaev E. Politicians laid flowers at the Lokomotiv Arena / / LifeNews. 08.09.2011.

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The procession to the Leontief Cemetery literally paralyzed traffic throughout the city.87 The ceremony was attended by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko, Russian Railways President Vladimir Yakunin, International Ice Hockey Federation President Rene Fasel, Russian Ice Hockey Federation President Vladislav Tretyak, KHL leaders Alexander Medvedev and Vyacheslav Fetisov 88. The administrative resource was also used on the anniversary of the plane crash, when the "March of Silence" was held in the city.", which was attended by up to 20,000 people 89. In the two incomplete years that have passed since the team's demise, several commemorative signs and memorials related to the team and its individual players have been installed in the city. The most ambitious of them are the memorial complex in the village of Tunoshna on the banks of the Tunoshonka River at the site of the plane crash 90 and the memorial at the Leontievsky cemetery in Yaroslavl 91, where most of the players and employees of the team who died in the accident are buried. It should also be noted that when installing a memorial plaque on the house where team captain Ivan Tkachenko lived, an exception was made to the federal law that such a plaque can be installed no earlier than 25 years after the death of a person.92 Not only the city authorities, but also the administration of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl) take part in the institutional memorialization of the dead hockey players. So, at the initiative of the team administration, two banners with portraits of the deceased players and employees of the club have been hanging on the facade of the Arena 2000 stadium since the tragedy and to this day, 93 and a memorial is also planned to be opened inside the stadium 94.

87. Yaroslavl: farewell to hockey players made open // Vesti, ru. 10.09-2011; Russia says goodbye to the lost hockey players of Lokomotiv/ / RBC. SPORT 10.092011. See also the video on the YouTube portal: Funeral of "Locomotive" / / YouTube. 10.09.2011.

88. Yaroslavl hosted the funeral of Lokomotiv players/ / RBC. 10.09 - 2011.

89. Yaroslavl hosted a "March of Silence" in memory of the fallen hockey players. 07.09.2012; "March of Silence" in Yaroslavl gathered about 20,000 people/ / Championship, com. 07.09.2012. See also the video on the YouTube portal: "March of Silence" in Yaroslavl/ / YouTube. 07.09.2012.

90. Zhigulich A. Lokomotiv memorial opened in Tunoshna//76.ru. 07.09.2012.

91. Memorial in memory of HC "Lokomotiv" opened at the cemetery in Yaroslavl//<url>. 07.09.2012.

92. Memorial plaque in memory of Ivan Tkachenko.//NTM Yaroslavl. 17.04.2012.

93. The information is current as of May 1, 2013.

94. PMA 2.

page 93
In this paper, we consider the problem of spontaneous memorialization in the synchronic aspect. The diachronic aspect of this phenomenon also deserves special attention. Despite the fact that spontaneous memorials in the form in which they currently exist are a relatively new phenomenon, the tradition of introducing a political context into the funeral discourse and using the funeral rite for some political statement is not new for Russian culture. Vivid examples of this kind are undoubtedly the funerals of N. A. Nekrasov, L. N. Tolstoy, and N. E. Bauman. According to N. S. Polishchuk, the "first "unseen... both by the crowd and appearance" was the funeral of N. A. Nekrasov (December 1887). It was at them that the traditional structure of the funeral procession was first broken: priest-chariot with the deceased (or coffin in his arms) - mourners. At the funeral of N. A. Nekrasov, the procession was "spontaneously" led by a crowd of young people with several huge wreaths "decorated with the inscriptions" ... " 95. It should be noted that according to the laws of that time,"when following funeral processions to the church for the funeral service and to cemeteries for burial, [it was] forbidden to wear wreaths with or without inscriptions, as well as other signs and emblems that do not have church or state-official significance" 96. Participation in a funeral procession of this kind was not allowed. It was not only a deliberate violation of the funeral (and legislative) norms of that time, but also carried a specific performative statement of a political nature. Leo Tolstoy's funeral was also used for political agitation, 97 and Bauman's funeral even took the form of a political demonstration demanding the convocation of a Constituent Assembly. 98 However, despite the obvious pragmatic similarity between the" non-classical " funerals of the late XIX-early XX century

95. Polishchuk N. S. Rite as a social phenomenon (on the example of the "red funeral") / / Soviet ethnography. 1991. N 6. P. 34.

96. Bulgakov S. V. Table book for sacred church servants. Collection of information concerning mainly the practical activity of the Russian clergy, Moscow: Publishing Department of the Moscow Patriarchate, 1993, vol. 2, p. 1330.

97. Political struggle over Tolstoy's death/Introduction by G. M. Lifshitsa; Published by G. M. Lifshitsa, A. L. Smolyak//Leo Tolstoy: In 2 books/USSR Academy OF Sciences. Gorky Institute of World Literature. Book 2. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1961, p. 342.//Fundamental electronic library "Russian Literature and Folklore".

98. Nikolai Ernestovich Bauman. [Personal page of I. L. Volchkevich] / Bauman Moscow State Technical University. [Moscow.].

page 94
It is difficult to speak about the direct continuity of these two practices with the spontaneous memorialization of the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. Nevertheless, a more indirect influence is possible, and this issue deserves separate consideration.

Figure 1. Diagram of a spontaneous memorial dedicated to HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl) at the Arena gooo stadium in Yaroslavl at the time of the October 22 race. (Drawing by Leta Yugai).

1, 3 - Banners with portraits of dead players and team personnel. The inscription "Our team forever...".

2. The largest text on the memorial (21 pages).

4. Flowers, candles, wreaths on the asphalt.

5. " Fan " scarves tied to turnstiles, empty beer bottles.

6. Posters, photos, graffiti, stickers, sports paraphernalia, texts on the stadium wall.

7. Flowers and candles on the asphalt. A large sign with the team's logo covered in graffiti.

8. Half-mast flags and black ribbons on flagpoles.

9. Tables with candles, icons, toys, a list of players, flowers, chocolate, texts, sports uniforms of HC Lokomotiv (Yaroslavl), a photo of the team on the wall; wreaths are leaning, a bucket of fresh flowers is on the ground.

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10. Funeral wreaths, candles (in two places the word "LOKO" is laid out with candles), framed photos of players on the ground near the stadium wall.

11. Flags, scarves, texts, photos, stickers on the stadium wall.

12. Stickers and black ribbons on lampposts, black and church ribbons with the inscription "Eternal Memory" on tree branches; wax from candles on the grass under trees.

13. " Fan " scarves and baseball caps on the fence.

14. Billboards with posters showing three burning candles on a black background.

15. Black ribbons on the fence around the stadium.

Bibliography/References

Author's field materials

PMA - results of observation and recording of the memorial near the Arena 2000 stadium in Yaroslavl on October 22, 2011, collected by the author together with D. V. Gromov and A. B. Yudkina. The number of the photo in the author's archive is given.

page 96
PMA 2-author's interview. Male, 28 years old, Moscow. 07.09.11 was in Yaroslavl at the World Political Forum. Women. about 25 years old, b. in Tyumen, prozh. in St. Petersburg. Interview - December 2012. Male, about 16 years old, interview - May 1, 2013 village. Tunoshna. Male, about 50 years old, security guard at the Arena 2000 stadium, interview - May 1, 2013 Yaroslavl.

PMA 3 - results of observation and recording of the memorial near the US Embassy in Moscow after the terrorist attack in Boston. The number of the photo in the author's archive is given.

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Bulgakov S. V. Desktop book for sacred church servants. Collection of information concerning mainly the practical activity of the Russian clergy, Moscow: Publishing Department of the Moscow Patriarchate, 1993, vol. 2, pp. 945-1772.

Paper cranes / / Nagasaki. History and modernity [http://urakami.narod.ru/main/sadako. html, accessed on 13.06.2012].

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Fieldwork data

PMA - rezul'taty nabliudeniia i fiksatsii memoriala u stadiona "Arena 2000" v g. Yaroslavl' 22 oktiabria 2011 g., sobrannye avtorom sovmestno s D. V. Gromovym i A. B. Iudkinoi. Privoditsia nomer fotografii v arkhive avtora [The results of observation and documentation of the memorial at the stadium Arena 2000" in Yaroslavl, 22 October 2011. Data is collected by author and D. V. Gromov and A. B. Yudkina. A number of the photo in the author's archive].

PMA 2 - interv'iu avtora. Muzhchina, 28 let, Moskva. 07.09.11 byl v Iaroslavle na Mirovom politicheskom forume. Zhen. okolo 25 let, rod. v Tiumeni, prozh. v Sankt-Peterburge. Interv'iu - dekabr' 2012. Muzhchina, okolo 16 let, interv'iu - 1 maia 2013 pos. Tunoshna. Muzhchina, okolo 50 let, okhrannik na stadione "Arena-2000", interv'iu - 1 maia 2013 g. Iaroslavl' [Author's interviews. Man, 28 years old, Moscow. 07.09.11 was in the Yaroslavl Global Policy Forum. Woman 25 years old, b. Tyumen, lives, in St. Petersburg. Interview - December 2012. Man, about 16 years old, interview - May 1, 2013 the village Tunoshna. Man, about 50 years old, the security guard at the stadium "Arena 2000" Interview - May 1, 2013 Yaroslavl].

PMA 3 - rezul'taty nabliudeniia i fiksatsii memoriala u posol'stva SShA v Moskve posle terroristicheskogo akta v Bostone. Privoditsia nomer fotografii v arkhive avtora [The results of observation and documentation of the memorial at the U. S. Embassy in Moscow after the terrorist attack in Boston. A number of the photo in the author's archive].

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No author (2011) "Moskvichi nesut tsvety v metro, gde god nazad proizoshli terakty", Rosbalt ["Moscow citizens bring flowers to the subway station where terrorist attacks took place a year ago"/ /Web site Rosbalt]. 29.03.2011. [http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2011/03/29/833399.html, accessed on 10.06.12].

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No author (2011) "Publikatsiia ot 11.09.2011 v gruppe "=== Loko-Pomnim..liubim...skorbim...I ==="", Sotsial'naia set' VKontakte [Post from 11.09.2011 in the group "===

Loco We remember,,, we love,,, we mourn... ===", The social network VKontakte]. 11 September [http://vk.com/lookkoo?z=photo-30105137_268188629%2Falbum-30105137_00%2Frev, accessed on 15.04.2013].

No author (2011) "Rossiia proshchaetsia s pogibshimi khokkeistami 'Lokomotiva'", RBK. SPORT ["Russia bids farewell to the dead hockey players of 'Locomotive'", RBK. SPORT]. 10 September [http://sport.rbc.ru/hockey/article/lo/09/2011/346 648. shtml, accessed on 08.07.2013].

No author (2011) "Samolet s 'Lokomotivom' vzletal s zapasnoi polosy", Lokomotiv Info ["The plane with the 'Locomotive' took off from a spare runway", Locomotive Info].

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No author (2011) "The Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Memorial at Championship Plaza in Newark", In Lou We Trust, a New Jersey Devils community. 10 September. [http://www.inlouwetrust.eom/2011/9/10/2 415 986/the-lokomotiv-yaroslavl-me-morial-at-championship-plaza-in-newark, accessed on 17.04.2013].

No author (2011) "Tol'ko chto u DS 'Iubileinyi'. Sankt-Peterburg", ShaibuShaibu ["Just now in DS 'Jubilee'. St. Petersburg", ShaybuShaybu]. 13 September [http://shaibushaibu.com/blog/lokomotiv/565.html, accessed on 17.04.2013].

No author (2011) "Tragedii v nebe: как gibli sportivnye komandy", Segodnia.ua ["Tragedies in the sky: how sport teams died", Segodnya.ua]. 23 September [http://sport.segodnya.ua/football/trahedii-v-nebe-kak-hibli-cportivnye-komandy html, accessed on 17.04.2013].

No author (2011) "V Grodno pochtili pamiat' pogibshikh khokkeistov", Blog Grodno S13. ru ["Commemoration of lost players took place in Grodno", Blog Grodno S13.ru]. 9 September [http://s13.ru/archives/28400, accessed on 17.04.2013].

No author (2011) "V Minske vspomnili "Loko"", Gazeta.ru ["Loco' have been commemorated in Minsk", Gazeta.ru]. 8 September [http://www.gazeta.ru/sport/2011/09/a_3760885.shtml, accessed on 04.05.2013].

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No author (2011) "Yaroslavl': proshchanie s khokkeistami sdelali otkrytym", Vesti.ru ["Yaroslavl: farewell to hockey players have been made open", Vesti.ru]. 10 September [http://www.vesti.ru/doc. html? id=565721&cid=8, accessed on 08.07.2013].

No author (2011) "Zhiteli Minska nesut tsvety к stadionu, gde dolzhen byl igrat' 'Lokomotiv'", RIA Novosti ["Minsk residents bring flowers to the stadium, where 'Locomotive' was going to play", RIA News]. 08 September [http://ria.ru/sport/2011090 8/432591 541.html, accessed on 28.05.2013].

No author (2011 - 2013) "Kniga pamiati. 07/09/2011", Khokkeinyi Hub "Lokomotiv" (Yaroslavl') ["Memory Book. 07/09/2011", The hockey club "Lokomotiv" (Yaroslavl)] [http://hclokomotiv.ru/07092011/memorybook/, accessed on 06.06.2013].

No author (2012) "'Marsh tishiny' v Yaroslavle sobral okolo 20000 chelovek", Chempionat.com ["'March of Silence' in Yaroslavl gathered about 20,000 people", Chempionat.com]. 07 September [http://www.championat.com/hockey/news-1302822-marsh-tishiny-v-jaroslavle-sobral-okolo- 20-000-chelovek. html, accessed on 08.07.2013].

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No author (2012) "Memorial v pamiat' о KhK 'Lokomotiv' otkryt na kladbishche v Yaroslavle", Fontanka.ru ["'Lokomotiv' Memorial opened at the cemetery in Yaroslavl", Fontanka]. 07 September [http://www.fontanka.ru/2012/09/07/098/, accessed on 08.07.2013].

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No author (2012) "V Yaroslavle proshel "Marsh tishiny" v pamiat' o pogibshikh khokkeistakh", RIA Novosti ["A "March of Silence" in memory of the dead hockey players was held in Yaroslavl'", RIA News]. 07 September [http://ria.ru/society/20120907/745245520.html, accessed on 08.07.2013].

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